Time of Troubles occupies an important place in the history of Russia. This is the time of historical alternatives. There are many nuances in this topic that are generally important for understanding and assimilation as soon as possible. In this article, we'll take a look at some of them. Where to get the rest - see the end of the article.
Causes of troubled times
The first reason (and the main one) is the suppression of the dynasty of the descendants of Ivan Kalita, the ruling branch of the Ruriks. The last tsar of this dynasty, Fyodor Ioannovich, son, died in 1598, and from the same time the period of the Time of Troubles in the history of Russia begins.
The second reason - more the reason for the intervention in this period - that at the end of the Livonian War, the Muscovite state did not conclude peace treaties, but only a truce: Yam-Zapolsky - with Poland and Plyussky with Sweden. The difference between an armistice and a peace treaty is that the first is only a break in the war, and not its end.
Course of events
As you can see, we are analyzing this event according to the scheme recommended by me and other colleagues, about which you can.
The Time of Troubles began directly with the death of Fyodor Ioannovich. Because this is a period of “kinglessness”, kingdomlessness, when impostors and people, in general, were ruled by chance. However, in 1598 the Zemsky Sobor was convened and Boris Godunov came to power - a man who long and stubbornly went to power.
The reign of Boris Godunov lasted from 1598 to 1605. During this time the following events took place:
- The terrible famine of 1601-1603, which resulted in the uprising of Cotton Clubfoot, and the mass exodus of the population to the south. As well as dissatisfaction with the authorities.
- Speech of False Dmitry the First: from the autumn of 1604 to June 1605.
The reign of False Dmitry I lasted one year: from June 1605 to May 1606. In his reign the following processes continued:
False Dmitry the First (aka Grishka Otrepiev)
The growth of dissatisfaction with his rule among the boyars, since False Dmitry did not respect Russian customs, married a Catholic, began to distribute Russian lands to the estates of the Polish nobility. In May 1606, the boyars, led by Vasily Shuisky, overthrew the impostor.
The reign of Vasily Shuisky lasted from 1606 to 1610. Shuisky was not even elected at the Zemsky Sobor. His name was simply "shouted", so he "enlisted" the support of the people. In addition, he gave the so-called cross-kissing oath that he would consult with the boyar thought in everything. The following events took place during his reign:
- Peasant war led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov: from the spring of 1606 to the end of 1607. Ivan Bolotnikov acted as the governor of "Tsarevich Dmitry", the Second False Dmitry.
- Campaign of False Dmitry II from the autumn of 1607 to 1609. During the campaign, the impostor could not take Moscow, so he sat down in Tushino. There was a dual power in Russia. Neither side had the means to defeat the other side. Therefore, Vasily Shusky hired Swedish mercenaries.
- The defeat of the "Tushinsky thief" by the troops of Swedish mercenaries led by Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky.
- Intervention of Poland and Sweden in 1610. Poland and Sweden were at this time in a state of war. Since Swedish troops, albeit mercenaries, ended up in Moscow, Poland got the opportunity to start an open intervention, considering Muscovy an ally of Sweden.
- The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky by the boyars, as a result of which the so-called "seven boyars" appeared. The boyars de facto recognized the power of the Polish king Sigismund in Moscow.
The results of the Time of Troubles for the history of Russia
First result The unrest was the election of a new reigning Romanov dynasty, which ruled from 1613 to 1917, which began with Michael and ended with Michael.
Second outcome was the withering away of the boyars. Throughout the 17th century, it was losing its influence, and with it the old tribal principle.
Third result- devastation, economic, economic, social. Its consequences were overcome only by the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.
Fourth Outcome- instead of the boyars, the authorities relied on the nobility.
PS.: Of course, everything you read here is available on a million other sites. But the purpose of the post is concise, briefly talk about the Troubles. Unfortunately, all this is not enough to complete the test. After all, there are many nuances left behind the scenes, without which the second part of the test is unthinkable. That's why I invite you to Andrey Puchkov's preparation courses for the Unified State Examination.
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Under Time of Troubles understand the period from the death of Ivan the Terrible (1584) to 1613, when Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov reigned on the Russian throne. This period was marked by a deep socio-economic crisis that brought the Russian state to the brink of extinction.
The main causes of the Time of Troubles are: protracted wars of the second half of the XVI century. (Livonian, Swedish, military campaigns against Kazan, etc.); oprichnina, mass executions; boyar civil strife; dynastic crisis (death of Tsarevich Dmitry in 1591, termination of the Rurik dynasty after the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1598); crop failure and famine 1601-1603.
The main events of the Time of Troubles.
There are three components of the confrontation in the society during the Time of Troubles, which are closely intertwined: dynastic (the struggle for the Moscow throne between various applicants); social (the internecine struggle of classes and the intervention of foreign governments in this struggle); national (fight against foreign invaders).
With the advent of each new impostor, each new king or pretender to the throne, the socio-political situation became more complicated, and by 1612 the Time of Troubles reached its climax. In a short period since 1605, several governments have changed in Moscow (False Dmitry I, Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, the "Seven Boyars" headed by F.I. Mstislavsky), and the "Tushino camp" was formed, headed by False Dmitry II, who formed parallel management structures state. Society was shaken by peasant riots, and foreign conquerors ruled all over the country from Kaluga to Novgorod. It should be noted here that the split of the country began with the accession of Vasily Shuisky, who was not recognized by all of Russia, and in subsequent years the process of disintegration gained momentum. The situation was further complicated by the fact that Russian territories was captured by the Commonwealth and Sweden and thus did not fall under the jurisdiction of any of the existing Russian governments. Of course, in this situation there could be no question of law and order in the state.
Russian society was tormented to the limit civil war, the majority of the population demanded stability and order. Under these conditions, the elite of the Second Militia, headed by Minin and Pozharsky, who began its formation in Nizhny Novgorod, became the collective leader of the society. Quickly enough, the leaders of the militia managed to unite a significant territory of the country, create an army, a government apparatus and begin to liberate Russia.
The people's war against foreign invaders ended in victory. Cleansed from them most countries, the leaders of the Second Militia raised the issue of transferring power to the hands of the monarch. At the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613-1645) was proclaimed tsar. His candidacy - a representative of one of the most powerful families among the nobility, related to the last tsar, as well as to many boyar families, made it possible to reconcile the warring factions.
The people said that Tsarevich Dmitry, the legitimate heir to the throne, would soon appear. Not everyone believed in his death. Such sentiments were fueled by Godunov's opponents from the boyar elite, who gloated over the failures that befell the upstart tsar.
Finally, Boris Godunov was informed that “Tsarevich Dmitry” had appeared in the Commonwealth, allegedly miraculously escaping from death in Uglich. It is most likely that the impostor was the runaway monk of the Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepyev, who was born in the boyar children of the Galich district. The appearance of the impostor played into the hands of the Polish-Lithuanian gentry. King Sigismund III hatched plans to seize from Russia a number of lands along its western border, primarily Smolensk. Therefore, False Dmitry met with support in the ruling circles of the Commonwealth and among catholic church. The “prince” secretly converted to Catholicism, generously promised his patrons, including the Sandomierz governor Yu. Mnishek, all sorts of benefits after occupying the Moscow throne: land, money, profitable public positions. Around the adventurer, seekers of easy money and adventure quickly gathered. Many supporters of the "prince" were found in Russia in particular, among the Don Cossacks.
In October 1604, False Dmitry entered the southern outskirts of Russia, engulfed in unrest and uprisings, a number of cities went over to the side of the impostor. By the beginning of 1605, more than 20 thousand people had gathered under the banner of the “tsarevich”.
On January 21, 1605, a battle took place between the detachments of the impostor and the tsarist army led by F. I. Mstislavsky. False Dmitry I miraculously escaped to Putivl.
During this critical period for the impostor, on April 13, 1605, Tsar Boris Godunov suddenly died and his 16-year-old son Fyodor ascended the throne. The boyars did not recognize the new king. On May 7, the tsarist army led by the governors Peter Basmanov and the princes Golitsyn crossed over to the side of False Dmitry. On June 1, 1605, the boyars-conspirators organized a coup d'état and provoked popular uprisings in the capital. Tsar Fedor was dethroned and strangled. On June 1, 1605, Moscow swore allegiance to the impostor, who settled in the Kremlin. However, soon the hopes for a "good and just" king collapsed. A Polish protege sat on the Russian throne, who ceased to reckon with the Boyar Duma and did not hide his predilection for his Pole patrons. The foreigners who flooded the capital behaved as if they were in a conquered city. All over the country it was openly said that a fugitive monk had taken possession of the Monomakh's cap. The boyars also no longer needed an adventurer tsar. The new conspiracy was preceded by the wedding of Otrepyev with Marina Mnishek - the Catholic was crowned royal crown Orthodox state.
On the night of May 17, 1606, an uprising of the townspeople began. The conspirators broke into the Kremlin and killed False Dmitry I. Three days later, the well-born boyar Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), the organizer of the conspiracy, was "called out" from the Execution Ground on Red Square.
The internal political situation of the state continued to deteriorate. The country was disturbed by rumors about the salvation of "Tsarevich False Dmitry". In the south, a mass uprising began, the center of which was the city of Putivl.
The rebellious Cossacks, peasants and townspeople elected in Putivl a "great governor" of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, who arrived to them with a detachment of Cossacks.
At the head of a large rebel army, Bolotnikov approached Moscow. With him were the noble detachments of I. Pashkov and P. Lyapunov from Ryazan land. But the nobles turned out to be only temporary companions of the movement, speaking only for the change of the king. They did not want any social “changes. Meanwhile, Bolotnikov put forward demands that were dangerous for the patrimonials and landlords, the implementation of which threatened the masters with the deprivation of their privileged position, and even turning the new masters from among the rebels into slaves.
At the end of 1606 A battle unfolded near the walls of Moscow. The transfer of detachments of nobles to the camp of Shuisky allowed the government army to prevail over the rebels. They had to retreat to Kaluga and then sit down in Tula. A huge royal army blockaded Tula. Despite the famine, the rebels staunchly defended themselves. The besiegers blocked the river. Upu was dammed, and the city was flooded. V. Shuisky promised Bolotnikov and his associates to save their lives if they stop resisting. But the king did not keep his word. Bolotnikov was captured and exiled to distant Kargopol, where he was then secretly killed (1607).
However, Shuisky did not have to celebrate the victory. A new impostor appeared in Starodub in the summer of 1607. Contemporaries made many guesses about his origin. In the Barnulab Chronicle, the Belarusian chronicler most reliably calls him Bogdanka, the teacher of children at the priest in Shklov. It was he who became the new protege of the Polish interventionists. In May 1608, the tsarist troops were defeated near Volkhov, and False Dmitry II, at the head of large detachments of Polish and Lithuanian magnates, moved to Moscow. On the way, he was joined by the recent Bolotnikovites, as well as the Cossack detachments of Ataman Ivan Zarutsky. At the beginning of June 1608, the troops of the new impostor approached Moscow, but, having been defeated at Khimki and Presnya, they set up a fortified camp in the village of Tushino, from whose name False Dmitry II received the nickname "Tushinsky Thief". The siege of the capital began. Part of the capital's nobility went over from Tsar Vasily Shuisky to a new contender "the Russian throne, in Tushino began to operate its own Boyar Duma, orders. Capturing Rostov in October 1608, the Polish detachments captured Metropolitan Filaret Romanov and, having brought him to Tushino, proclaimed him a patriarch.
Released from Moscow in July 1608 under the terms of a truce with the Poles, Marina Mnishek, together with her father, also ended up in Tushino and recognized her “husband” in the new impostor. During this period, a virtual regime of dual power was established in the country. Tushino detachments controlled a significant territory Russian state plundering and ruining the population. In the Tushino camp itself, the impostor was completely controlled by the leaders of the Polish detachments. Their robbery actions caused an armed rebuff from the surrounding peasants and townspeople. For 16 months (from September 1608 to January 1610) the Polish-Lithuanian detachments of Jan Sapieha besieged the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, but its defenders repulsed all the attacks of the enemy. During this period, Tsar Vasily Ivanovich decided to ask for military assistance from Sweden, which was claimed by the Polish king. The tsar's nephew, 24-year-old Prince M.V., was sent to the north to gather troops. Skopin-Shuisky. On February 28, 1609, in Vyborg, he concluded a military treaty with Sweden, according to which, for the ceded city of Korela with the district, she undertook to provide military assistance to the Moscow sovereign. However, the Swedish detachment turned out to be two times smaller than promised and consisted of 7 thousand mercenaries led by Ya.P. Delagardie.
The army of Skopin-Shuisky moved through Novgorod and Tver, replenished along the way with local militias. It was able to defeat the Tushins and lift the siege from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. On March 12, 1610, the young talented commander entered Moscow. The impostor fled to Kaluga. Most of the Polish detachments went to King Sigismuts III. In Moscow, during the celebration of the victory, in April 1610, Skopin-Shuisky died unexpectedly. It was believed that he was poisoned by royal relatives.
In the autumn of 1609, the Commonwealth began an open intervention against Russia. In September, Sigismund III laid siege to Smolensk with a huge army. Its garrison under the command of governor M.B. Sheina offered heroic resistance to the enemy.
Seven Boyars. The attempt of Tsar Vasily Shuisky to save the besieged Smolensk ended in failure. The army sent to the rescue, led by the tsar's brother D. Shuisky, was defeated by the Polish hetman S. Zholkevsky in June 1610 near the village of Klushino.
False Dmitry II again approached Moscow. This decided the fate of Vasily Shuisky - on July 17, 1610, the tsar was overthrown and forcibly tonsured a monk. Power passed into the hands of a government of seven boyars (“seven boyars”) headed by F.I. Mstislavsky, who concluded an agreement with Sigismund III on calling the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. A boyar embassy was sent near Smolensk to negotiate the adoption of Orthodoxy by Vladislav.
On the night of September 21, 1610, the boyars committed a national betrayal by letting the army of hetman Zolkiewski into Moscow. He soon left the capital, handing over command of the Polish garrison to A. Gonsevsky, taking the former Russian Tsar Vasily Shuisky with him to Poland as a prisoner.
Meanwhile, Swedish troops began to capture the Russian North and later deceived Novgorod. Fled from Moscow, False Dmitry II was killed.
An open intervention began. On behalf of Vladislav and the boyars in different cities Russia began to receive letters of oath to the new Tsar of Moscow. In a number of places such oaths took place, but not everywhere. In the southern regions (Ryazan and other cities) they did not accept new power. The Trinity-Sergius Monastery became a stronghold of resistance, the monks of which, together with the peasants of the nearby villages, withstood a long siege and repulsed the onslaught of interventionist detachments. Many Russian people who flocked under the banner of the people's militia responded to the call of the nobleman Prokopiy Lyapunov.
In early March 1611, the militia moved to liberate Moscow. Its leaders understood that it was necessary to enlist the support of the population as much as possible. more cities and counties. And this was not without success. Moreover, from the envoys of different localities (nobles, other service people, townsmen, churchmen) a kind of body was formed, reminiscent of the Zemsky Sobor.
Council of the whole earth. The heterogeneous social composition of the militia became a source of its weakness. Probably, not without provocative actions of the command of the interventionists, a conflict arose between the nobles and the Cossacks, as a result of which P. Lyapunov was killed, the militia lost its energetic leader. The entry of Russian warriors into the capital, supported by the uprising of the townspeople, did not achieve its goal. True, part of the militia entrenched itself on the eastern outskirts of the city (Cossacks under the command of D. Trubetskoy).
A shock for contemporaries was the fall of Smolensk, the garrison and inhabitants of which for 20 months courageously held the defense against the superior forces of Sigismund. Taking advantage of the Russian turmoil, the Swedish troops occupied Novgorod with its vast district. Under pressure from the interventionists, the Novgorodians agreed to the nomination of the Swedish prince Carl Philip as the future Russian tsar.
Thus, Russia found itself on the verge of losing its state independence and territorial integrity. The country was largely demoralized and disoriented. However, there were new patriotic forces that came out to defend the Russian land. Their Center since the autumn of 1611 has become Nizhny Novgorod. The local townspeople shaved as their zemstvo elder the merchant Kuzma Ankudinovich Minin, an honest and courageous man who enjoyed authority among the merchants and the township. Minin called on fellow citizens to raise funds, create a militia and go to liberate Moscow. A patriotic impulse seized the masses. Soldiers began to flock to Nizhny Novgorod. Similar appeals came from the leaders of the defense of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, hegumen Dionysius and Avraamy Palitsyn. Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, one of the leaders of the First Militia, was invited to lead the militia. Pozharsky did not stain himself with connections with the interventionists and traitors. The friendly actions of these outstanding patriots of Russia ensured success. In addition, it was necessary to form a more authoritative government in the eyes of various segments of the country's population on a temporary basis - new Council the whole earth. No wonder K. Minin was perceived as a person "elected by the whole earth." It was also necessary to prevent the spread of Swedish aggression and a clash with Veliky Novgorod. Pozharsky proved to be a far-sighted and subtle politician here too. Only by solving all these complex problems, it was possible to move on Moscow. In order to better prepare for the upcoming campaign, the army of Minin and Pozharsky spent four months in Yaroslavl, and in August 1612 entered Moscow and took up defense in the west of the capital. The army of Hetman Khotkevich, an experienced and successful commander, hurried to the city to rescue the interventionist garrison. At first, the inconsistency of actions between the leadership of the Second and part of the First militias (the latter was commanded by Prince D.T. Trubetskoy and it mainly consisted of Cossacks) had a negative impact on the course of military operations. Khotkevich's army, meeting a rebuff at the turn of the Arbat and Chertolsky gates, suffered the main blow to Zamoskvorechye, hoping to break through to the besieged Poles from this side. However, the Russians managed to resist and launched a retaliatory offensive. turning point the battle was a flanking attack of hundreds of horsemen led by K. Minin. The subsequent joint actions of both militias led to the defeat of Khotkevich's army and its retreat from Moscow. The fate of the interventionist garrison surrounded in the center of the city was sealed. The capture of the city by the militias meant capitulation, which took place on October 26, 1612. Moscow was liberated
It is noteworthy that D.M. Pozharsky even earlier offered the Polish-Lithuanian garrison favorable conditions for surrender. But the arrogant military leaders in response ridiculed the militias, inexperienced in military affairs: “Let the serfs know the arable land, the Kuzmas trade, and the priests serve ...” But the fact remains - the Zemstvo militia defeated the enemy’s professional army, moreover more numerous.
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"Trouble" - this is the most severe political and socio-economic crisis that erupted in Russia in early XVII century. According to a number of historians, the Time of Troubles was the first civil war in the history of our country.
The chronological framework of the Time of Troubles: - the beginning - the termination of the Rurik dynasty in 1598, the end - the election of Mikhail Romanov as tsar in 1613.
Causes of the Time of Troubles:
- domestic political - a dynastic crisis associated with the termination of the "legitimate" dynasties of Rurikovich and the insufficient authority of the new Godunov dynasty. During this period, the hereditary autocratic monarchy was turned into an elective monarchy.
- foreign policy - the aspirations of the Roman Catholic Church to subjugate Orthodoxy; the intrigues of the Polish government, which wanted to weaken Russia. These forces supported the impostors politically and financially, and provided military detachments. The Polish intervention gave the turmoil a severe character and duration. There was a real threat of Russia's loss of state independence and the division of its territory between Western countries.
- economic - the most severe economic crisis associated with crop failures and famine in 1601 - 1603 led to a sharp increase in food prices and discontent of the general population. Godunov's government, despite a number of measures taken, failed to cope with the situation.
- social - anti-serfdom sentiments among the peasants, the desire to return the old order that existed before 1603; excessive development of the Cossacks with its anti-state aspirations. The social rank and file for the first time take part in the struggle for supreme power.
- moral - the fall in Russian society of moral principles.
All these reasons acted together and led to the destabilization of the situation in the country.
Stages of Troubles:
1st stage (1598 - 1606) - the struggle for the Moscow throne.
In January 1598, after the death of Tsar Fedor, there were no legitimate heirs to the throne. The Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov to reign, but the position of the new tsar was precarious, the boyars wove intrigues against him. Being the first elected monarch in Russian history, Godunov proved himself not so much an autocrat as a populist temporary worker, unsure of himself and afraid of open actions. Godunov sought the location of the nobility, giving away undeserved privileges and making loud promises, while at the same time stubbornly strengthening himself in power through secret surveillance and denunciation, as well as unadvertised repressions, that is, due to the same lawlessness that was inherent in the oprichnina.
During the reign of Boris Godunov, the peasants are gradually attached to the land, the peasant exit is prohibited. One of the reasons for this was the desire to prevent the desolation of the center of the country due to expanding colonization and the outflow of the population to the outskirts. On the other hand, the ban was a manifestation of class policy that protected the interests of the landowners and did not take into account the interests of the peasants. In general, the introduction of serfdom increased social tension in the country.
The attitude of many contemporaries and later historians to the personality of Godunov is negative. He was considered the "customer" of the murder in 1891 in Uglich younger son Ivan the Terrible Tsarevich Dmitry, who was the heir to the throne. However, there is a version in favor of Godunov's non-involvement in this crime. In this case, the personality of Tsar Boris appears as one of the tragic and undeservedly compromised in Russian history.
The Godunov government denied the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry and recognized his death as an accidental suicide, but a rumor spread in society that the Tsarevich had been saved and he was alive.
Key dates:
1598 - 1605 - the reign of Boris Godunov.
June 1605 - The Boyar Duma goes over to the side of False Dmitry I, the death of Boris' son Fyodor Godunov and his mother; Solemn entry into Moscow of False Dmitry I.
May 17, 1606 - the overthrow of False Dmitry I. The boyars needed him to overthrow Godunov in order to pave the way for the accession of one of the representatives of the boyar nobility. When the impostor did his job, he was no longer needed and was killed. Prince Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne.
2nd stage (1606–1610) - destruction public order.
It is characterized by the existence of two alternative centers of power in the country: Vasily Shuisky in Moscow and False Dmitry II in Tushino, the beginning of an open Polish-Swedish intervention; complete anarchy in the country.
1606 - 1610 - the reign of Vasily Shuisky. Fulfilling the will of the boyars, Shuisky took an oath and pledged to rule according to the law, and not according to the royal whim. Regardless of the personal qualities of the new ruler, this was the first agreement between the tsar and society in Russia. However, new political ideas did not have time to gain the upper hand in the conditions of the rampant popular elements. Shuisky ascended the throne as a result of behind-the-scenes intrigues, "without the will of the whole earth", popular consciousness refused to recognize him as king. The accession of Shuisky became a turning point in the history of the Troubles, since from that time on, from the Troubles in the upper strata of Moscow society, it takes on the character of the Troubles of the people.
Key dates:
July 1606 - September 1607 - the uprising of I. Bolotnikov. He called to exterminate the boyars and take possession of "their wives, and estates, and estates."
June 1608 - False Dmitry II captures Tushino, a second center of power is formed with its Boyar Duma, army and patriarch.
July 17, 1610 - the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky, the beginning of the reign of the Seven Boyars, complete anarchy in the country. The Poles made open claims to the Moscow throne. In August 1610, one of the boyar groups "organized" an oath to the Polish prince Vladislav, who then for another 24 years considered himself the "legitimate sovereign of Moscow", although he did not fulfill the main condition of the boyars - he did not accept Orthodoxy.
3rd stage (1610–1613) - restoration of statehood in Russia. It is characterized by open foreign intervention, the emergence of a threat to the national independence of Russia, the anti-national policy of the Seven Boyars, the activities of the I and II people's militia, the election of a new tsar at the Zemsky Sobor. By the end of 1611, the Muscovite state looked completely destroyed. The government governing the country on behalf of the "sovereign, Tsar Vladislav Zhigimontovich of All Russia" was paralyzed. The center of the country was dominated by the Poles, who captured Smolensk and Moscow. Novgorod ended up with the Swedes. Each Russian city acted independently. However, in the minds of people, the craving for order grew stronger and stronger. In some lands, local zemstvo councils regularly met, where people discussed their interests together. Gradually it became clear that the solution of problems was impossible only within the local framework, the understanding of the need for an all-Russian movement matured. This was reflected in the people's militias, gathered in Russian provincial towns. Despite the collapse of state ties, the awareness of national unity did not disappear - on the contrary, the Time of Troubles gave it special strength. The Church conducted a continuous sermon in favor of the unity of all Orthodox. In this regard, Patriarch Hermogenes played an outstanding role.
Key dates:
March - July 1611 - I people's militia, headed by Trubetskoy, Zarutsky, Lyapunov. It consisted mainly of Cossacks and nobles; they could not take Moscow.
Autumn 1611 - organization of the Second People's Militia (Minin and Pozharsky). Kozma Minin's call - not to seek personal benefits, but to give everything to a common cause - resonated with the majority ordinary people, symbolizing the turn of society towards a moral and civic principle. The people, having suffered from the unrest, gathered a militia with their last money to restore calm in the country, took the fate of the state into their own hands. It happened that the historian S.M. Solovyov called "the feat of purification" when "the people, not seeing any external help, went deep into the internal, spiritual world his own, in order to draw out the means of salvation from there. The Russian people, in the face of a catastrophe, having gathered their strength, recreated the destroyed state, clearly showing that it is not a “royal estate”, but an object of common concern and a common cause.
On February 21, 1613, state power in the country was restored: the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov as Tsar. This candidacy suited everyone, since the new king and his entourage were able to persevere and calmly carry out restoration work.
Consequences of Troubles:
- political - a temporary weakening of the central government, the growth of the influence of Zemsky Sobors, but in the long term, the country's development along the path of strengthening the central government was inevitable, since the majority of the population was tired of anarchy and longed for "firm order", albeit to the detriment of their rights;
- economic - a severe crisis, devastation, loss of 1/3 of national wealth and 1/4 of the population, the recovery period lasted until the 50s. XVII century.
- social - temporary suspension of enslavement, restoration of St. George's Day.
- international - a drop in Russia's prestige, significant territorial losses. Sweden ceded the coast of the Gulf of Finland and Karelia, to Poland - Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands. The Polish prince Vladislav continued to claim the Russian throne.
An important result of the Time of Troubles is that it ended not with the establishment of a new social system, but with the restoration, restoration of the monarchical state. The path has been chosen further development Russia: autocracy as a form of political government, Orthodoxy as an ideology.
Concepts:
military circle - a general meeting of the Don Cossacks (among the Ukrainians - the Sich Rada). Decided questions of war and peace, organization of military campaigns, division of military booty, selection of atamans and other officials. It was the highest authority and the highest court. Originated in the 15th century. and continued until the 17th century. as a democratic institution of Cossack government.
wild field - the historical name of the southern Russian and Ukrainian steppes between the Don, the upper Oka and the left tributaries of the Dnieper and Desna. Spontaneously mastered in the XVI - XVII centuries. Cossacks, as well as runaway peasants and serfs.
Duvan - the Cossacks - military booty. Since the inception of the Cossacks, campaigns "for zipuns" have been one of the main sources of existence for Cossack communities. All captured goods and trophies were put into a common cauldron and transferred to the military treasury for storage. At the end of the campaign, the Cossacks gathered together to “duvan duvanit” - to make a division. The share of each depended on the difference and the degree of personal participation in the battles, and the stay in elected military positions during the campaign was also taken into account. Part of the booty was donated to Orthodox monasteries and churches; broken trophy cannons were given there for remelting for bells. There was an unbreakable rule: "Without an ataman, a duvan is not duvan."
Cossacks - a special social and historical community of people that carried military service on the borders of Russia. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the Cossacks were free, they had their own autonomy and their own special political organization. The centers of the free Cossacks were the rivers Dnieper, Don, Yaik (Ural) with adjacent steppe expanses. The war played an exceptional role in the life of the Cossacks.
Impostors - those who appropriated someone else's name, title. appeared and had highest value in Russian History XVII and XVIII centuries. The reason for their appearance was the displeasure that prevailed at that time mainly in the lower population attached to the land. Displeasure, expressed in revolts, began on the outskirts and manifested itself only when an armed force appeared among the dissatisfied in the person of the Cossacks, calling them to action under the banner of a false king. The Cossacks, who were a gathering of people who were dissatisfied with the existing system, who fled or were expelled from the state, did not want to voluntarily lose their freedom when the strengthened central government wanted to subdue them. In the fight against the state, the Cossacks expose impostors and excite the peaceful, unarmed population of the country. Only those impostors are successful who were among the Cossacks or relied on them.
"Seven Boyars" - boyar government (7 people) in Russia in 1610-1612. Transferred actual power to the Poles; liquidated by the Second Militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in October 1612
"Tushinsky Thief" - False Dmitry II (? - 1610) an impostor of unknown origin. From 1607, he pretended to be the surviving Tsar Dmitry (False Dmitry I). In 1608-09 he created the Tushinsky camp near Moscow, from where he unsuccessfully tried to capture the capital. With the beginning of the open Polish intervention, he fled to Kaluga, where he was killed.
The first period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
The struggle for the Moscow throne (from the accession of Boris Godunov to the assassination of False Dmitry I)
1598 - The death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the end of the Rurik dynasty. The Zemsky Sobor elects Boris Godunov (1598-1605) as king.
1600 - The first rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry. Imprisonment by Godunov of Dmitry's former tutor, Bogdan Belsky. The Polish embassy of Leo Sapieha to Moscow (late 1600 - early 1601) and his intrigues among the boyars dissatisfied with Godunov.
1601 - Hungry years in Russia (1601-1603). Imprisonment of the Romanov brothers competing with Godunov. The law on the prohibition of the export of peasants from small to large owners.
1603 - Fights near Moscow with a gang of Cotton Kosolap. In Poland, the Vishnevetsky family nominates the impostor False Dmitry I.
1604 – Meeting of False Dmitry I with the Polish king Sigismund III in Krakow (March). The transition of the impostor to Catholicism and his second meeting with the king (April). Entry of detachments of False Dmitry I into the Muscovite state (autumn). Their occupation of Chernigov, Putivl, Kursk, Belgorod, Liven. The siege by the Pretender of Basmanov in Novgorod-Seversky and the defeat (December 21) of the army of F. Mstislavsky, moved to help Basmanov.
1605 - The defeat of the Pretender at Dobrynich (January 20) and his flight to Putivl. Unsuccessful siege of Rylsk and Krom by governors of Godunov. Death of Tsar Boris Godunov (April 13). Transfer of Basmanov's army to the side of the Pretender (May 7). Campaign of False Dmitry to Moscow through Oryol and Tula. Reading by Pleshcheev and Pushkin of the letter of the Pretender in Moscow and the arrest of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich by Muscovites (June 1). The murder of Tsar Fedor and his mother (June 10). Entry of False Dmitry I to Moscow (June 20). His coronation to the kingdom (July 21)
1606 – Reception by False Dmitry of the papal embassy Rangoni in Moscow (February). Wedding of False Dmitry and Marina Mnishek (May 8). Boyar rebellion in Moscow and the murder of the Pretender (May 17).
The second period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
Destruction of the state order (reign of Vasily Shuisky)
1606 - Accession of Vasily Shuisky. Kissing the new tsar that he will do all the most important things only on the advice of the boyars. Speech against Shuisky Bolotnikov and the Lyapunov militia. Taking the village of Kolomenskoye (October), Bolotnikov tries to besiege Moscow. The quarrel between the noble and peasant armies near Moscow, the transition of the Lyapunovs to the side of Shuisky (November 15). The defeat of Bolotnikov in the battle near the village of Kotly (December 2) and his flight from Moscow to Kaluga.
The battle of Bolotnikov's troops with the tsarist army. Painting by E. Lissner
1607 - Bolotnikov's breakthrough from Kaluga to Tula, his plans to again go to Moscow (spring). The siege of Bolotnikov in Tula (June 30 - October 1) and the suppression of his rebellion. The appearance of False Dmitry II in Starodub; occupation of Bryansk, Kozelsk and Orel.
1608 - Campaign of False Dmitry II to Moscow and occupation of Tushin by him (early July). Beginning of the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra by Sapieha (September 23).
1609 - The first attempt to depose Shuisky in Moscow (G. Sumbulov and V. Golitsyn, February 17). The union of Tsar Vasily with the Swedes on the terms of concession to those of Korela (end of February). Tushino attacks on Moscow (June). The campaign of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardie from Novgorod to Moscow in order to free it from the siege by False Dmitry II. Their capture of Tver (July 13) and Pereyaslavl. The Polish king Sigismund III declares war on Russia and besieges Smolensk (since September 16).
Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna (portrait) of the 17th century
1610 - Sapieha's retreat from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (January 12). The collapse of the Tushino camp. The agreement of the former Tushino with Sigismund on the recognition of the Russian tsar Prince Vladislav on conditions that limit his power (February 4). Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga (February). Death of Skopin-Shuisky (April 23). The victory of the Polish hetman Zholkiewski over the Russian troops near Klushin (June 24). Return of False Dmitry II to Moscow (July 11). Deposition of Shuisky (July 17).
Third period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
An attempt to restore order (from the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky to the election of Mikhail Romanov)
1610 - The approach to Moscow of the Polish army of Zolkiewski (July 24). Seven Boyars in Moscow, her oath to Prince Vladislav (August 17). Departure from the capital of the Russian embassy for negotiations with Sigismund III. The occupation of Moscow by the Poles (the night of September 20-21, ostensibly to defend the capital from False Dmitry II). The intention of Sigismund to personally take the Moscow throne, and not to give it to his son. Assassination of False Dmitry II (December 11).
1611 - The battle of the Poles with the Muscovites and the burning of Moscow by Polish soldiers (March 19). The approach to Moscow of Lyapunov's militia (end of March) and its connection with the Cossacks. The arrest of the Russian embassy by Sigismund III (April). The capture of Smolensk by Sigismund (June 3) and Novgorod by the Swedes (July 8). The Swedes proclaim King Philip the Russian Tsar. The "sentence of June 30, 1611" worked out by the first militia to protect the interests of service people. The murder of Lyapunov (July 25), Zemstvo militias break with the Cossacks and leave Moscow. Newsletter in Russia
