Option No. 1811006
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Place historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence.
1) Annexation of Smolensk under Vasily III
2) Battle of Grunwald
3) Thirty Years' War
Answer:
Match the events of the Civil War with their dates.
Answer:
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to events and phenomena of the 19th century.
2) industrial revolution
5) segments
6) Arakcheevism
Find and write down the serial numbers of terms related to another historical period.
Answer:
Na-pi-shi-te about-pu-shen-noe-nya-tie (term).
In the right direction to reduce aggression against the countries of social che-sko-go and ka-pi-ta-li-sti-che-sko-go la-ge-ray, about-in-di-may in the late 1960s - late 1970s, half -chi-la na-name “per-ri-od ______”.
Answer:
Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| A | B | IN | G |
Answer:
Establishment-of-the-response between the fragments of the is-to-ri-che-s-of-the-sources and their short-ki-mi ha-rak-te -ri-sti-ka-mi: to each fragment, denoted by the letter, under-take two correspondence -y-yu-rak-te-ri-sti-ki, designated numbers.
FRAG-MEN-YOU IS-EXACTLY-NIKOV
A) “We must keep an eye on everyone and every one of them, so that no one under any circumstances dares to force a baptism on Sundays.” stian to work there. Remaining in business for six days, equal to the number of times, both for the peasants themselves and for work them for the benefit of the locals, with good distribution, up to a hundred will be to the satisfaction of all owners -substantial benefits."
B) “Whoever has a son, and if he wants, can give one of them something immovable through the spirit (according to the will. - B) . B.), that will be his inheritance; other children of both sexes will move to the citizenship, which their father or mother must share they have with them both sons and daughters, as many as they have, of their own free will, except for one, who is in motionless there will be no one after us. And if he doesn’t have sons, but has daughters, then he should determine them in the same way...”
CHARACTERISTICS
1) This decree was issued at the end of the 18th century.
2) In the same year, by the date of the given decree, the Supreme Privy Council was established.
3) The sovereign who issued this decree is Pavel the First.
4) One of the meanings of the given decree is in the erasing of the difference between here and there mi.
5) The sovereign who issued this decree is Peter the Great.
6) Under the government, which issued this decree, a new co-word group appeared in Russia - free grain plowmen .
| Fragment A | Fragment B | ||
Answer:
Which of the re-number-no-go ha-rak-te-ri-zu-et Vla-di-mi-ro-Suz-dal-principality in the XII-XIII centuries? You-take three from-ve-ta and write down the numbers in the table under which they are indicated.
1) weak traditions
2) lack of control over the kingdom, the desire to limit the princely power
3) by-garden-nick - central fi-gu-ra of management
4) the supreme property of the great prince on the land
5) fragile positions of the Bo-Yar nobility
6) the appointment of a prince to the throne by appointment
Answer:
Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a blank, select the number of the required element.
A) The offensive in the Kiev direction was led by troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front under the command of Army General ______________.
B) During the Great Patriotic War, from March 1942 to October 1943, ______________ commanded the 101st Long-Range Aviation Regiment.
C) ______________ operation is part of the Battle of Smolensk; it ended on September 6 with the liberation of the city of Yelnya.
Missing elements:
1) V. S. Grizodubova
2) I. V. Tyulenev
3) A. L. Boyko
4) Elninskaya
5) Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya
6) N. F. Vatutin
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN |
Answer:
Establish a correspondence between the events and their participants: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
Answer:
Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a contemporary of the events and name the political figure whose name is missing from the text.
“Feeling that he was fading away, [he] heroically continued to fight for life, worked until his last days, believing that his duty to the party was to do everything he could. But this struggle was complicated by the fact that he was in an atmosphere of stunning callousness, which was shown to him by the overwhelming majority of members of the Politburo (...) He sent a note to the Politburo regarding issues of preparation for the 27th Party Congress, and it received unanimous approval. [He] proposed to bring the convening of the congress closer in time, to hold it in October-November 1985, and not in the spring of next year, as was usually the case.”
Answer:
Fill in the empty cells of the table using the list of missing elements given below: for each missing element, indicated by letters, select the number of the required element. ta.
| Ruler | Pre-ob-ra-zo-va-nie | Result |
|---|---|---|
| __________(A) | Lik-vi-da-tsiya internal-ren-them ta-mo-wife | Creation of favorable conditions for the development of trade |
| Peter I | __________(B) | __________(IN) |
| __________(G) | __________(D) | Na-cha-lo for-e-va-niy Arabs |
| Peter III | Ban on peasant purchases to the ladies | __________(E) |
Pro-pu-schen elements:
1) publication of a decree on the secularization of church lands
2) introduction of the Table of Ranks
3) establishing the procedure for passing civil service
4) expanding the use of hired labor in industry
5) the appearance of is-la-ma
6) prophet-rock Muh-ha-med
7) reduction of the period of compulsory service of nobles
8) Catherine II
9) Elizaveta Petrovna
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in a row corresponding to the letter:
| A | B | IN | G | D | E |
Answer:
Read about the rip from the is-t-to-ku-men-ta.
“Meanwhile, his royal majesty sent... his lordship to the ge-ne-ra-la of Prince Men-shi-ko-va, ... with some- I am digging part of the ka-va-le-rii and in-fan-te-rii to Pol-ta-ve, so that [to help] the troops that are not approaching.. .ata-ko-vat and my-well-the city from the blockade...free-bo-dit. And [Men-shi-kov] met on the road a non-pri-tele-corps of the re-zer-va, with a population of 3,000 people, ...some of them were shot down in a short battle and completely hit and miss. And then his lordship... returned to the main army...
Meanwhile, his great-ness... immediately commanded two li-ni-holes from our in-fan-ter-ria (ne-ho-you)... you-stu -drink, and left the third behind... And from our side, the right wing of the ka-va-le-rii ko-man-do-val general- ley-te-nant Baur... the left wing was ko-man-do-val by his lordship Prince Men-shi-kov, since his presence there was most needed. .. And [bas-nov-ny-mi si-la-mi] ko-man-do-val himself his royal majesty<...>and at the same time, gos-po-din ge-ne-ral-feld-mar-shal She-re-me-tev...<...>And everyone, in their designated place, managed with a number of experiments in manhood and the art of their own. .. The attack from our troops with such bravery teach-not that the entire non-friendly army in a half-hour battle with little damage to our troops<...>overthrew-well, so the Swedish in-fan-te-ria didn’t eat knives then didn’t stop, but without stopping from our swords , ba-gi-not-ta-mi and pi-ka-mi ko-lo-ta, and even to the point of being in the forest... driven and beaten "
Using insights and knowledge from history, you will find three correct judgments in the list below.
1) The battle, which is talked about in the re-la-tion, from-to-the-per-o-du Seven-year-old war.
2) In this battle, non-military troops were led by Charles XII.
3) Ivan Ma-ze-pa took part in the co-existence of the description of them in the re-la-tion.
4) The war, to which the description of my battle in the re-la-tion, ended for Russia without -re-zul-tat-but, without ter-ri-to-ri-al-nyh pri-ob-re-te-niy.
5) With the Russian government, to the right of someone from the op-sy-va-e-mine in the re-la- tion of the battle, the Ma-ni-fest about the freedom of the nobility will be adopted.
6) The text notes the great role of A.D. Men-shi-ko-va in the successful outcome of the battle.
Answer:
Fill in the blank in the sentence: “The events indicated in the diagram occurred in the year one thousand nine hundred ____________________.” Write the answer in a word (combination of words).
Answer:
Indicate the name of the city, indicated on the diagram by the number “4”, during the period when the events took place -ties reflected in the diagram.
Answer:
Indicate the name of the city indicated on the diagram by the number “2”.
Answer:
Which judgments, based on this scheme, are true? You take three judgments out of six propositions. Write down the numbers in the table under which they are indicated.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) The city, indicated on the diagram by the number “3”, is currently part of Russia.
2) The city, indicated on the diagram by the number “5,” was liberated from the Nazis in the fall.
3) In the course of combat operations, indicated in the diagram by arrows, the Red Army completely liberated Che-ho-slo- wa-kiyu.
4) The diagram shows the actions of the Red Army during Operation “Bag-ra-ti-on”.
5) The diagram shows the actions of the Red Army during the East Prussian operation.
6) The city, indicated on the diagram by the number “1”, was liberated from the Nazis in October.
Answer:
Establish a correspondence between cultural figures and a brief description of their activities: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| CULTURAL FIGURES | CHARACTERISTICS | |
| A) Afanasy Nikitin B) N. I. Novikov B) V.V. Menshov D) Archpriest Avvakum | 1) His film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” was awarded an Oscar. 2) Writing the “Sermon on Law and Grace.” 3) Publishing works of ancient Russian literature, journal and journalistic activities. 4) The polemical orientation of his works is expressed in criticism of Nikon’s reforms. 5) Participant of art exhibitions, was a member of the Blue Rider group. |
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
Answer:
Look at the image and complete the task
Which judgments about the architectural monument depicted in the photograph are correct? Choose two judgments from the five proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table
1) the cathedral building is made in the style of early classicism
2) the monument of temple architecture was created in the first half of the 18th century.
3) the author of the temple project is Domenico Trezzini
4) the cathedral is dedicated to the Apostle Peter
5) Russian tsars from Alexei Mikhailovich to Nicholas II are buried in the cathedral
Answer:
Which of the architectural monuments presented below were built in the same century in which the cathedral was created? In your answer, write down the two numbers under which they are indicated.
Answer:
Determine the name and years of the war discussed in the memoirs. Who was the king during this period?
<...>
<...>
Based on the text and knowledge of history, indicate at least three reasons for Russia's participation in this war.
Read an excerpt from a historical source and briefly answer questions C1-C3. Answers involve the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge from the history course of the relevant period.
From the memoirs of M. V. Rodzianko:
“Before the war, Petrograd was engulfed in revolutionary excesses.<...>
However, a few days before the declaration of war, when the international political situation became threatening, when our little brotherly Serbia was presented with an ultimatum known to everyone and unacceptable to it by its powerful neighbor Austria, the revolutionary unrest in the capital was magically swept away.<...>Returning to Petrograd just before the declaration of war, I was struck by the change in the mood of the capital's residents.
At the same time, at the very beginning of the war, the government took a completely false point of view. In order to strengthen the monarchical principle and the prestige of the tsarist power, the government believed that the war should and could be won only by it - the tsarist government, without the immediate organization of popular forces in order to unite everyone in the great cause of war.
I boldly assert that during the three years' war this conviction of the government did not change one iota.
Through healthy propaganda, healthy concepts were not introduced into the masses of the people about what a real war entails, what consequences could be from the defeat of Russia and how necessary the friendly cooperation of all citizens is, sparing no effort, no means, no life, no blood to achieve victory. The erroneous point of view of those who misunderstood their state tasks, the constant fear that by organizing the people they would not create the ground for revolutionary centers, was the fatal and fundamental mistake of the entire internal policy of our government...”
Solutions to long-answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to check them yourself.
What mistakes, from the point of view of the author, were made by the tsarist government in this war and in the preparation for it? What errors can you point out beforehand? (Indicate at least three mistakes of the tsarist government.)
Read an excerpt from a historical source and briefly answer questions C1-C3. Answers involve the use of information from the source, as well as the application of historical knowledge from the history course of the relevant period.
From the memoirs of M. V. Rodzianko:
“Before the war, Petrograd was engulfed in revolutionary excesses.<...>
However, a few days before the declaration of war, when the international political situation became threatening, when our little brotherly Serbia was presented with an ultimatum known to everyone and unacceptable to it by its powerful neighbor Austria, the revolutionary unrest in the capital was magically swept away.<...>Returning to Petrograd just before the declaration of war, I was struck by the change in the mood of the capital's residents.
At the same time, at the very beginning of the war, the government took a completely false point of view. In order to strengthen the monarchical principle and the prestige of the tsarist power, the government believed that the war should and could be won only by it - the tsarist government, without the immediate organization of popular forces in order to unite everyone in the great cause of war.
I boldly assert that during the three years' war this conviction of the government did not change one iota.
Through healthy propaganda, healthy concepts were not introduced into the masses of the people about what a real war entails, what consequences could be from the defeat of Russia and how necessary the friendly cooperation of all citizens is, sparing no effort, no means, no life, no blood to achieve victory. The erroneous point of view of those who misunderstood their state tasks, the constant fear that by organizing the people they would not create the ground for revolutionary centers, was the fatal and fundamental mistake of the entire internal policy of our government...”
Attention!
When characterizing the role of each person you named, it is necessary to indicate the specific actions of this person that significantly influenced the course and (or) result of the specified events (processes, phenomena).
– indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships characterizing the reasons for the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during a given period;
– using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, evaluate the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on the further history of Russia.
During the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms and concepts related to a given period.
Solutions to long-answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to check them yourself.
Complete testing, check answers, see solutions.
This month On the 20th day we crossed with the entire army across the Vorskla River and stood on its side a small mile 1) from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood about a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy 2). Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts 3) were made, and besieged by people and cannons, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy. However, he, out of his usual fiery courage, forestalled us in this, and on the 27th, early in the morning, almost in the dark, from the defiles 4) in which he had his entire army in formation all night, on our cavalry both with cavalry and with his infantry with such a fury 5) attacked that, although he was driven away many times with great damage from our cavalry and from our redoubts, which he had approached, he was driven away, but our cavalry, which was hit only by our infantry They couldn’t help us out soon, but after a little time we were forced to give in to our retrenchment; however, the packs soon stopped and attacked the enemy, and their right wing was completely shot down, and Major General Schlipembach, who commanded that wing, was captured. Meanwhile, his royal majesty (Peter 1) sent his lordship General Prince Menshikov 6) and with him Lieutenant General Renzel with some of the cavalry and infantry to Poltava, 7) marching troops to the enemy, also in the trenches of the remaining enemy general Major Rose 9 ) attack enemy troops and liberate the aforementioned city from the blockade. And the aforementioned His Lordship (A.D. Menshikov) met on the road an enemy reserve corps consisting of 3,000 people, which they placed behind their right wing near the forest, who, after a short battle, were completely beaten and captured. And then his lordship returned to the main army, and ordered Lieutenant General Renzel to continue the march to Poltava, upon which 10) Major General Rose retreated with three former regiments with him to fortresses and trenches made in front of the city from the enemy; but he was attacked there by the aforementioned Lieutenant General Renzel and, after a brief resistance was mounted, he and all the people were forced to surrender at the discretion of 11).
Meanwhile, the enemy cavalry from the main army yielded (retreated) from our cavalry and united with their infantry, and the Swedes placed their entire army in a battle order in front of the front a quarter of a mile from our convoy. Meanwhile, His Majesty (Peter I) immediately ordered two lines from our infantry to move out of our tranquility, and left the third in it back 12), and so he put that army into formation, with the infantry in the middle, and the cavalry placed on both wings. And on our side, the right wing of the cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant General Baur... the left wing was commanded by His Grace Prince Menshikov, since his arrival was most needed there. And the battle corps 13) was commanded by His Royal Majesty himself<...>and at the same time, Mr. Felt Marshal Sheremetev<...>And the artillery was controlled by the lieutenant general from the artillery, Bruce. And everyone in their appointed place was controlled with considerable experience of courage and military skill. And as our army thus established itself in the battle order, it went towards the enemy, and then at the 9th hour before noon the attack and fierce fire from both sides began, which the attack from our troops carried out with such courage that the entire enemy army fought for half an hour with little damage to our troops<...>both cavalry and infantry were refuted, so that the Swedish infantry did not stop more than once, but without stopping from our swords, 14) and pikes, and even to the nearby forest, like cattle, driven and beaten.<...>
And so, by the grace of the Almighty, a perfect Victoria, the like of which has been little heard or seen, with easy difficulty against a proud enemy through His Royal Majesty, a glorious weapon and a personal brave and wise victory was won, for His Majesty is truly his courage, wise generosity and military art without fear of any fear<...>He showed in the highest degree, and at the same time his hat was pierced by a bullet. Under his lordship, Prince Menshikov, to whom he had shown such courage, three horses were wounded.<...>
News was received from those who were scattered for burial of the dead from the battle that they had counted and buried the Swedish dead bodies of 8,619 people at the battle site and around it, except for those who were beaten in the chase through the forests in different places.<...>
And what guns, standards, banners, etc., were received from the enemies as booty, a record of that will follow at seven 17). According to the lists attached to the report, in the battle “at Poltava” 2977 people were captured with 137 banners and standards and 4 cannons (including the first minister of Charles HP Count Pieper, Field Marshal General Rehnskiöld, 4 generals, 4 colonels who were captured “in full” , 6 lieutenant colonels, 167 officers, 201 non-commissioned officers, 2528 ordinary dragoons and soldiers, etc.). More accurate data on the losses of the parties is as follows: the Swedes left 9 thousand killed at the battle site, about 3 thousand were captured. Russian losses were 1,345 killed and about 3,300 wounded.
Quote By: Battle of Poltava// Letters and papers of Emperor Peter the Great. T. IX. Vol. 1. M.-L.. 1950. P. 258-276.
STORY
"Our Environment online"— The Battle of Poltava is the largest battle of the Northern War between Russian troops under the command of Peter I and the Swedish army of Charles XII. It took place on the morning of June 27 (July 8), 1709, 6 versts from the city of Poltava on Russian lands (Left Bank of the Dnieper). The decisive victory of the Russian army led to a turning point in the Northern War in Russia's favor and ended Sweden's dominance as one of the leading military forces in Europe.
Here is a “Detailed report” (report) about the battle, written to Peter I immediately after the battle.
“On the 20th day of this month we crossed with the entire army across the (river) Vorskla and on its side a small mile 1) from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood about a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy 2). Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts were created, and besieged by people and guns, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy. However, he, out of his usual impetuous courage, forestalled us in this, and on the 27th, early in the morning, almost in the darkness, from the defiles 4) in which he had his entire army in formation all night, on our cavalry both with cavalry and with our infantry with such a fury 5) attacked that, although he was driven away many times with great damage from our cavalry and from our redoubts, which he attacked, however, our cavalry, before it was only destroyed by our infantry They couldn’t help us out soon, but after a little time we were forced to give in to our retrenchment; However, the packs soon stopped and attacked the enemy, and their right wing was greatly beaten, and Major General Schlipembach, who commanded that wing, was captured. Meanwhile, his royal majesty (Peter 1. - Ed.) sent his lordship General Prince Menshikov 6) and with him Lieutenant General Renzel with some of the cavalry and infantry to Poltava, so that even in the future 7) the enemy would march troops, as well as Chances 8) the remaining enemy general-major Rose 9) with enemy troops to attack and liberate the said city from the blockade. And the above-mentioned His Lordship (A.D. Menshikov. - Ed.) met on the road the enemy reserve corps, consisting of 3000 people, which they placed behind their right wing near the forest, who, in a short battle, were beaten and completely beaten and completely captured . And then his lordship returned to the main army, and ordered Lieutenant General Renzel to continue the march to Poltava, upon which 10) Major General Rose retreated with three former regiments with him into fortresses and trenches built in front of the city from the enemy; but he was attacked there by the aforementioned Lieutenant General Renzel and, due to a brief resistance, forced with all the people who were with him to the discretion of the 11) zdatz.
Meanwhile, the enemy cavalry from the main army yielded (retreated) from our cavalry and united with their infantry, and (the Swedes) placed their entire army in the battle order in front of the front a quarter of a mile from our convoy. Meanwhile, His Majesty (Peter I. - Ed.) immediately ordered two lines from our infantry to move out of our tranquility, and left the third in it back 12), and so he put that army into formation, so that the infantry was in the middle, the cavalry was in both wings. delivered. And on our side, the right wing of the cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant General Baur... the left wing was commanded by His Grace Prince Menshikov, since his presence there was most needed. And the battle corps 13) was commanded by His Royal Majesty himself<…>and at the same time, Mr. Felt Marshal Sheremetev, as well as infantry generals Prince Repnin and Alart<…>And the artillery was controlled by the lieutenant general from the artillery, Bruce. And everyone in their appointed place was controlled with considerable experience of courage and military skill. And as our army thus established itself in the order of battle, it went towards the enemy, and then at the 9th hour before noon the attack and fierce fire began on both sides, which the attack from our troops carried out with such courage that the entire enemy army fought for half an hour with little damage to our troops<…>both cavalry and infantry were refuted, so that the Swedish infantry did not stop more than once, but without stopping from our swords, baguettes 14) and pikes, and even to the nearby forest, like cattle, driven and beaten.<…>
And so, by the grace of the Almighty, a perfect Victoria, the like of which little has been heard or seen, with easy difficulty against a proud enemy through His Royal Majesty, a glorious weapon and a personal brave and wise drive was won, for His Majesty truly has his courage, wise generosity and military art without fear of any fear<…>He showed in the highest degree, and at the same time his hat was pierced by a bullet. Under his lordship, Prince Menshikov, to whom he also amply showed his courage, three horses were wounded.<…>
News was received from those who were scattered for burial of the dead from the battle that they had counted and buried the Swedish dead bodies of 8,619 people at the battle site and around it, except for those who were beaten in the chase through the forests in different places.<…>
And what guns, standards, banners, etc., were received from the enemies as booty, there will be a signature about that 17).
Published by: Letters and papers of imp. Peter the Great. T. IX. Vol. 1. M.-L.. 1950. P. 258-276.
Notes:
1) Small mile - probably English, about 1.5 km long. 2) Tranzhameng - a trench or ditch with a rampart.
3) Redoubt - a closed field fortification; For the first time in the history of military engineering, Peter 1 erected redoubts on the approaches to the main position of the Russian army, placing two battalions of soldiers with cannons in them. The breakthrough of the redoubts upset the battle formation of the Swedes before the clash of the main forces of the two armies.
4) Defilei - gorge; here: the Swedes’ exits to the troop formation sites before the start of the battle.
5) Furies - among the ancient Romans, avenging goddesses, evil and frantic; with such fury - in a figurative sense: with such rage, fury.
6) Menshikov A.D. commanded cavalry (dragoon regiments) near Poltava.
7) Sucurs (distorted French) - help, support.
8) Shantsy - trenches, fortifications.
9) General Rose (Rosen, modern spelling Ross), after the destruction of the column of the Swedish general Schlippenbach in the Budishchensky forest, retreated with its remnants to Poltava and joined the troops located there in Swedish shands, left by Charles XII to continue the siege of the fortress, which he hoped to take after the supposed victory in the main battle. The order of Peter I to “free Poltava from the blockade” was carried out.
10) Retreated - retreated.
11) For discretion - here; without any preconditions.
12) As a reserve at the time of deployment of two lines in battle formation on the field
13) The battle corps is the center of the battle formation with infantry.
14) Baginet - bayonet. Bagnets were inserted into the barrel of a gun; Peter 1 introduced a bayonet into the Russian army, which was attached to the gun barrel with a tube with a lock screwed onto the front sight, which made it possible to conduct gun fire with an attached bayonet. In the Battle of Poltava they used such a bayonet, called in the old report a bapshet.
15) According to the lists attached to the report, in the battle “at Poltava” 2977 people were captured with 137 banners and standards and 4 cannons (including the first minister of Charles HP Count Pieper, Field Marshal General Rehnskiöld, 4 generals, 4 colonels, 6 lieutenant colonels, 167 officers, 201 non-commissioned officers, 2528 ordinary dragoons and soldiers, etc.). More accurate data on the losses of the parties is as follows: the Swedes left 9 thousand killed at the battle site, about 3 thousand were captured. Russian losses were 1,345 killed and about 3,300 wounded.
On the 20th day of this month we crossed with the entire army through the Vorskla and on its side stood a small mile from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy. Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts were created, and besieged by people and guns, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy.
On the 20th day of this month we crossed with the entire army through the Vorskla and on its side stood a small mile from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy. Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts were created, and besieged by people and guns, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy. However, he, out of his usual impetuous courage, forestalled us in this, and on the 27th, early in the morning, even though it was still dark, from the defiles in which he had his entire army in formation all night, against our cavalry he attacked both with cavalry and with his infantry with such a fury that, although he was driven away many times with great damage from our cavalry and from our redoubts, which he was attacking, he was driven away, but our cavalry, because they could not be rescued by our infantry , follow a little to our retragement, you are forced to give in; However, the packs soon stopped and attacked the enemy, and their right wing was greatly beaten, and Major General Schlipembach, who commanded that wing, was captured. Meanwhile, His Royal Majesty sent His Grace General Prince Menshikov and with him Lieutenant General Renzel with some of the cavalry and infantry to Poltava, so that even in the face of the enemy the marching troops, as well as in the trenches of the remaining enemy General Major Rose with the enemy troops, would attack and We are planning to liberate the aforementioned city from the blockade. And the above-mentioned His Lordship met on the enemy’s road a corps of reserves consisting of 3,000 people, which they placed behind their right wing near the forest, which in a short battle were beaten and completely beaten and captured. And then His Grace returned to the main army, and ordered Lieutenant General Renzel to continue the march to Poltava, upon which Major General Rose retreated with three former regiments with him to fortresses and trenches built in front of the city from the enemy; but he was attacked there by the aforementioned Lieutenant General Renzel and, due to a brief resistance, forced with all the people who were with him to the discretion of the builder.
Meanwhile, the enemy cavalry from the main army yielded (retreated) from our cavalry and united with their infantry, and (the Swedes) placed their entire army in the battle order in front of the front a quarter of a mile from our convoy. Meanwhile, His Majesty immediately ordered two lines from our infantry to move out of our tranquility, and left the third in it back, and thus put that army in formation, with the infantry in the middle, and the cavalry on both wings. delivered. And on our side, the right wing of the cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant General Baur... the left wing was commanded by His Grace Prince Menshikov, since his presence there was most needed. And the battle corps was commanded by His Royal Majesty himself<...>and at the same time, Mr. Felt Marshal Sheremetev, as well as infantry generals Prince Repnin and Alart<...>And the artillery was controlled by the lieutenant general from the artillery, Bruce. And everyone in their appointed place was controlled with considerable experience of courage and military skill. And as our army thus established itself in the order of battle, it went towards the enemy, and then at the 9th hour before noon the attack and fierce fire began on both sides, which the attack from our troops carried out with such courage that the entire enemy army fought for half an hour with little damage to our troops<...>both cavalry and infantry were refuted, so that the Swedish infantry did not stop more than once, but without stopping from our swords, baguettes and pikes, they stabbed, and even to the nearby forest, like cattle, driven and beaten.<...>
And so, by the grace of the Almighty, a perfect Victoria, the like of which little has been heard or seen, with easy difficulty against a proud enemy through His Royal Majesty, a glorious weapon and a personal brave and wise drive was won, for His Majesty truly has his courage, wise generosity and military art without fear of any fear<...>He showed in the highest degree, and at the same time his hat was pierced by a bullet. Under his lordship, Prince Menshikov, to whom he also amply showed his courage, three horses were wounded.<...>
News was received from those who were scattered for burial of the dead from the battle that they had counted and buried the Swedish dead bodies of 8,619 people at the battle site and around it, except for those who were beaten in the chase through the forests in different places.<...>
And what guns, standards, banners, etc., were received as booty from the enemies, about that will follow at seven
If the participants in the largest battle of the Northern War of the 18th century, which took place between Russian troops led by Peter I and the Swedish army of Charles XII, knew how many political spears would be broken in a few centuries, they would have turned over more than once in their “mass grave” in the river under Poltava.
On June 27, 2009, Ukrainians, Swedes and Russians will celebrate the tricentenary of the Battle of Poltava. In 1700-1721 Russia fought the so-called Northern War with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. And on June 27, 1709, the Battle of Poltava took place, changing the previous balance of power. The period of Swedish domination ended, Russia began to grow stronger and turn into a large state. Ukraine was also drawn into the struggle for other people's interests. For several years, Ukrainian Cossacks fought, led by Hetman Mazepa, on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Swedes, Polish and Lithuanian magnates, on the side of the Russian Tsar.
Poltava - this small fortress city was surrounded by an earthen rampart with a wooden palisade to protect against the attacks of the Krymchaks. In the winter of 1708 - 1709. work was in full swing here. Peter ordered to strengthen it according to the instructions of the then engineering science. The city had only 2.5 thousand inhabitants, but its garrison consisted of 4 thousand people. The commandant of Poltava was the prudent, courageous and persistent Colonel Ivan Stepanovich Kellin. The fortress had warehouses containing a lot of gunpowder and provisions. Karl made one attempt after another to immediately take the fortress. Kelin, however, skillfully defended himself, made preemptive forays, figured out the course of mine tunnels, and blew up Swedish charges. It must be said that all the residents of Poltava with their weapons, children, women, old people and teenagers, fought courageously along with the regular troops.
Menshikov, taking advantage of the favor of the civilians of Poltava, led additional troops into the city, strengthening the strength and spirit of the garrison. By June, the main Russian and Swedish troops were lined up around Poltava. Karl did not notice that he was in the “horseshoe” of the Russians, who were almost twice as numerous. But let's go back...
Having forced Augustus II to capitulate, Charles XII began preparations for a decisive blow to Russia. His plan was to use the 16,000-strong Levenhaupt corps in Livonia, the 14,000-strong Liebecker corps in Finland and the fleet to defeat the Russian army in the Baltic states, and then defeat the main forces of the Russian army in a general battle.
Peter ordered not to engage the enemy in a general battle in the Polish possessions, since he tried to lure him to the Russian borders, harming him at every opportunity, especially when crossing rivers. By this time, the total strength of the Russian army was 100 thousand people, the Swedish army numbered 63 thousand, but in war real forces are determined not only by the number of troops, but also by their combat training. Karl had well-trained soldiers and officers. He had strategic initiative on his side. Therefore, Peter waited for a more convenient moment for battle. Peter was in a difficult situation because Karl did not stop for a long time, and it was unknown where he would direct his path. Peter simultaneously strengthened both Moscow and St. Petersburg. At the beginning of June 1708, Charles XII launched an invasion of Russia, crossed the Berezina and moved towards Mogilev. At the same time, Swedish troops and navy began active operations in the Neva and St. Petersburg areas. However, the plans of Charles XII were not destined to come true. The actions of the Swedish troops in the St. Petersburg area did not bring them success. The Russian and Belarusian population began a guerrilla war against Swedish troops.
Convinced that a head-on attack on Moscow had little chance of success, Charles XII turned south, to Ukraine. Russian troops moved ahead of the enemy. In addition to everything, dragoon regiments and regular cavalry scurried around the moving Swedish army day and night.
Karl proceeded from the fact that this maneuver would allow him not only to attack from the rear, but also to receive the support of Turkey, the Crimean Khanate and the Ukrainian people. Charles XII also counted on the significant supplies of food and ammunition prepared by Mazepa; he planned to find strong reinforcements among the Cossacks, and with their help to safely get to Moscow, where he did not dare to break through the tsarist troops through Smolensk. But these plans of Charles XXI collapsed one after another. The Russian army forestalled him and did not allow him to occupy the cities of Ukraine. Charles XII was joined by only Mazepa’s detachment of two thousand, which made up only a small part of the Cossacks.
Detachment A.D. Menshikov captured the Baturin fortress (the residence of the Ukrainian hetmans) and destroyed the ammunition and food warehouses prepared by Mazepa, as well as over 70 guns, the Zaporozhye Sich was devastated.
The East is burning with a new dawn.
Already on the plain, over the hills
The guns roar. The smoke is crimson
It rises in circles to the heavens.
The fateful day for Charles XII was September 28, 1708. On this day, led by Peter I, the 12,000-strong “corvolant” (flying detachment) detachment completely defeated south of Mogilev near the village of Lesnoy the 16,000-strong corps of Levengaup, moving from the Baltic States to join Charles XII . Levengaup lost more than 9 thousand killed and wounded and a convoy of 7 thousand wagons with ammunition, so necessary for the Swedish army. The Swedes' confidence in their invincibility was undermined, but the spirit of the Russian army rose. The defeat at Lesnaya left Karl without reserves or ammunition and allowed the Russian army to enter into a decisive battle with the Swedes in conditions favorable to it. The Russian victory at Lesnaya was especially significant in that it was won over an enemy superior in numbers. On October 12, 6,700 ragged and hungry soldiers arrived at Karl’s camp, remaining from Levenhaupt’s 16,000-strong army. In an effort to achieve a turning point, the Swedes besieged Poltava, but a three-month siege and numerous attacks did not produce results, and in June the main forces of the Russian army came to the rescue of the besieged.
Karl was deceived in all his hopes: after Mazepa and the Cossacks, he still hoped in Turkey that it would take the opportunity and rise with him against Russia, but the Turks and Tatars did not dare; all neighboring peoples refused to take part for one side or another; everything seemed to be holding its breath, waiting for the bloody game between Peter and Charles to end and the fate of Eastern Europe to be decided.
And the battle broke out, the Battle of Poltava!
In the fire, under the red-hot hail,
Reflected by a living wall
Above the fallen system there is a fresh system
He closes his bayonets. A heavy cloud
Squads of flying cavalry,
Reins, sabers sounding.
Colliding, they cut shoulder to shoulder,
Throwing piles of bodies upon piles,
Cast iron balls everywhere
They jump between them, strike,
They dig up the ashes and hiss in the blood.
Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts,
Drumming, clicks, grinding.
Thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning
And death and hell on all sides.
On the eve of the general battle, the opposing sides had the following forces: the Swedish army numbered about 35 thousand people with 39 guns; the Russian army had 42 thousand people and 102 guns. On June 27, 1709, the Battle of Poltava took place, ending in the complete victory of the Russian army
As a result of the Battle of Poltava, which determined the further outcome of the war, the Swedish land army virtually ceased to exist. The victory was achieved literally with little bloodshed. The Russian army had less than one and a half thousand killed and a little more than three thousand wounded. This testified to the power and maturity of the young regular army and the high level of Russian military art. The victory at Poltava changed the balance of forces of the warring parties and strengthened Russia's consolidation in the Baltic states. The consequence of Poltava was new victories for Russia in 1710. in the Baltics. The Poltava victory had no less important consequences in international relations. She brought Russia to the wide international arena, forced all European countries to take it into account, and radically changed Russia's role in European affairs of that time. But on the other hand, the victory of June 27 did not speed up peace, but, on the contrary, complicated Peter’s position and indirectly prolonged the war. Lesnaya and Poltava showed that Peter alone was stronger than with his allies, and the immediate consequence of Poltava was the revival of the previous coalition, defeated by Charles. Denmark and Saxony renewed their alliance with Russia in the war with Sweden, and Prussia and Hanover also joined it. Augustus II established himself on the Prussian throne.
So, in the history of Russia, the Battle of Poltava stands next to the Battle of Kulikovo, the battle of Minin and Pozharsky’s militia for Moscow, the battle of Borodino, the battles of Moscow, Stalingrad and Prokhorovka, which saved the Fatherland from enslavement and destruction.
St. Petersburg must bow to Poltava for its existence, for Charles XII repeatedly asserted in his campaign that he would destroy this creation of Peter.
Moscow also owes a debt to the Battle of Poltava, for after the victory at Poltava the king intended to turn to Moscow and plant “his king” there, cut Russia into pieces and prepare Moscow for the role of a provincial town.
Poltava should be grateful for the Russian speech, because the next conqueror set as his goal to destroy Russia, and, consequently, the language of the people.
Eternal glory to all compatriots, Russians and Ukrainians, commanders, soldiers, Cossacks, defenders of Poltava, who defended our Fatherland from enemies, who did not allow our people to disappear...
The order given by H.V. Tsar Peter I to his army on the day of the Battle of Poltava
June 27, 1709.
Warriors! The hour has come that will decide the fate of the fatherland. And so you should not think that you are fighting for Peter, but for the state entrusted to Peter, for your family, for the fatherland, for our Orthodox faith and church. You should also not be embarrassed by the glory of the enemy, supposedly invincible, to which you yourself have repeatedly proven a lie by your victories over him. In the battle, have righteousness and God fighting against you before your eyes. And know about Peter that his life is not precious to him, as long as Russia lives in bliss and glory, for your well-being.
Quote By: . Order given by E.V. Tsar Peter I to his army on the day of the Battle of Poltava, June 27, 1709.
Battle of Poltava (from the archive):
On the 20th day we crossed with the entire army across the Vorskla River and stood on its side a small mile 1) from the enemy army. Then, on the 24th, we went further with the entire army and stood about a quarter of a mile from the enemy and, so that they would not accidentally attack us, we made a tranquility near the convoy 2). Our cavalry on the right hand was placed between the forest, and between it several redoubts 3) were made, and besieged by people and cannons, and His Royal Majesty deigned to make all preparations for an attack on the enemy. However, he, out of his usual fiery courage, forestalled us in this, and on the 27th, early in the morning, almost in the dark, from the defiles 4) in which he had his entire army in formation all night, on our cavalry both with cavalry and with his infantry with such a fury 5) attacked that, although he was driven away many times with great damage from our cavalry and from our redoubts, which he had approached, he was driven away, but our cavalry, which was hit only by our infantry They couldn’t help us out soon, but after a little time we were forced to give in to our retrenchment; however, the packs soon stopped and attacked the enemy, and their right wing was completely shot down, and Major General Schlipembach, who commanded that wing, was captured. Meanwhile, his royal majesty (Peter 1) sent his lordship General Prince Menshikov 6) and with him Lieutenant General Renzel with some of the cavalry and infantry to Poltava, 7) marching troops to the enemy, also in the trenches 8) the remaining enemy major general Rose 9) attack enemy troops and liberate the aforementioned city from the blockade. And the aforementioned His Lordship (A.D. Menshikov) met on the road an enemy reserve corps consisting of 3,000 people, which they placed behind their right wing near the forest, who, after a short battle, were completely beaten and captured. And then his lordship returned to the main army, and ordered Lieutenant General Renzel to continue the march to Poltava, upon which 10) Major General Rose retreated with three former regiments with him to fortresses and trenches made in front of the city from the enemy; but he was attacked there by the aforementioned Lieutenant General Renzel and, after a brief resistance was mounted, he and all the people were forced to surrender at the discretion of 11).
Meanwhile, the enemy cavalry from the main army yielded (retreated) from our cavalry and united with their infantry, and the Swedes placed their entire army in a battle order in front of the front a quarter of a mile from our convoy. Meanwhile, His Majesty (Peter I) immediately ordered two lines from our infantry to move out of our tranquility, and left the third in it back 12), and so he put that army into formation, with the infantry in the middle, and the cavalry placed on both wings. And on our side, the right wing of the cavalry was commanded by Lieutenant General Baur... the left wing was commanded by His Grace Prince Menshikov, since his arrival was most needed there. And the battle corps 13) was commanded by His Royal Majesty himself<...>and at the same time, Mr. Felt Marshal Sheremetev<...>And the artillery was controlled by the lieutenant general from the artillery, Bruce. And everyone in their appointed place was controlled with considerable experience of courage and military skill. And as our army thus established itself in the battle order, it went towards the enemy, and then at the 9th hour before noon the attack and fierce fire from both sides began, which the attack from our troops carried out with such courage that the entire enemy army fought for half an hour with little damage to our troops<...>both cavalry and infantry were refuted, so that the Swedish infantry did not stop more than once, but without stopping from our swords, 14) and pikes, and even to the nearby forest, like cattle, driven and beaten.<...>
And so, by the grace of the Almighty, a perfect Victoria, the like of which has been little heard or seen, with easy difficulty against a proud enemy through His Royal Majesty, a glorious weapon and a personal brave and wise victory was won, for His Majesty is truly his courage, wise generosity and military art without fear of any fear<...>He showed in the highest degree, and at the same time his hat was pierced by a bullet. Under his lordship, Prince Menshikov, to whom he had shown such courage, three horses were wounded.<...>
News was received from those who were scattered for burial of the dead from the battle that they had counted and buried the Swedish dead bodies of 8,619 people at the battle site and around it, except for those who were beaten in the chase through the forests in different places.<...>
And what guns, standards, banners, etc., were received from the enemies as booty, a record of that will follow at seven 17). According to the lists attached to the report, in the battle “at Poltava” 2977 people were captured with 137 banners and standards and 4 cannons (including the first minister of Charles HP Count Pieper, Field Marshal General Rehnskiöld, 4 generals, 4 colonels were captured “in full” , 6 lieutenant colonels, 167 officers, 201 non-commissioned officers, 2528 ordinary dragoons and soldiers, etc.). More accurate data on the losses of the parties is as follows: the Swedes left 9 thousand killed at the battle site, about 3 thousand were captured. Russian losses were 1,345 killed and about 3,300 wounded.
Quote from: // Letters and papers of Emperor Peter the Great.
