We live in a world full of stereotypes, we are constantly surrounded by “should”, “should not”, “what will people say?”, “not like people”. Stereotypes often limit our freedom. Sometimes we do things without even realizing whether we do it because we want to or because the society in which we live wants it.

It became interesting to me what this concept of “stereotype” generally means and when this word appeared. And this is what the Internet told me about this: “a stereotype is an established attitude to current events, developed on the basis of comparing them with internal ideals.” For the first time the concept of "stereotype" was introduced by the American journalist Walter Lippman in 1922. This is the date of the appearance of the term "stereotype", while the stereotypes themselves appeared much earlier.

The life of a stereotype can be measured in tens, hundreds, and sometimes thousands of years. With the development of society, stereotypes also change, some remain in the minds of people for a long time, others disappear without a trace and new ones appear in their place. In our seemingly such modern world There are stereotypes that were born hundreds of years ago.

Examples of modern stereotypes

"Women are the weaker sex". An example of a stereotype that was probably born along with humanity. It may have been so in the past, but now it is not always the case. With the fact that men are created physically stronger, no one argues. But in the modern world there are many examples of strong women who have to pull on their shoulders not only their children, but also their husbands (the stronger sex), and sometimes the whole country.

"All women want one thing - to get married". And no one ever wondered if the girls really want this or is this desire imposed on them by others? If a girl is over 25, and she is not yet married, then she has to hear: “Are you married? Not! And why? It is high time!". After such words, repeated every day, the girl has an invincible desire to get married.

And how many stereotypes associated with the wedding. “They didn’t play a wedding - rednecks”. Why is everyone supposed to get married? And if the bride and groom do not want this, because this is their holiday, and not relatives, friends and neighbors.

"After school to college". Yes, the institute gives a lot, but the institute, unfortunately, is not a guarantee of a successful life. In our life there are many examples of successful people who have never studied anywhere.

"Woman driving like a monkey with a grenade". This stereotype appeared when the first woman got behind the wheel. According to statistics, women are 12% more likely to be involved in road accidents than men. But men are 3 times more likely to be involved in fatal accidents, and the damage from “male” accidents is much greater.

"Beauty and intelligence in a woman are not compatible". I don’t know where this stereotype came from, but personally among my acquaintances there are many beautiful and at the same time smart girls. And it seems to me that these things are absolutely independent of each other, and, moreover, are not mutually exclusive.

It is very important to distinguish between your own desires and desires imposed by stereotypes. Because, obeying the latter, you can miss your happiness or lose your chance.

I would like to end this article with the words of Stephenie Meyer:

“Be that as it may, we all live in the power of stereotypes. And the more interesting it is when life gives us the opportunity to destroy them ... "

Social stereotypes

6. Influence of stereotypes. (Examples)

Jack Nachbar and Kevin Lause, authors of the study "Introduction to Popular Culture", note that stereotypes are an integral part of popular culture. They can be formed on the basis of age (“Young people only listen to rock and roll”), gender (“all men want only one thing from women”), race (“Japanese are indistinguishable from each other”), religion (“Islam is a religion terror"), professions ("all lawyers are crooks") and nationality ("all Jews are greedy"). There are also geographic stereotypes (for example, “life in small towns is safer than in megacities”), clothing stereotypes (for example, “German cars are the highest quality”), etc. Stereotypes in most cases are neutral, but when they are transferred from a specific person to a group of people (social, ethnic, religious, racial, etc.) often acquire a negative connotation. It is on stereotypes that phenomena such as racism, sexism, Islamophobia, etc. are based.

Sera Khan, a professor at the University of San Francisco, published an article in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology in which she argues that it is extremely dangerous to trust stereotypes. The stereotype has cognitive and motivational functions. From a cognitive point of view, the stereotype is a double-edged weapon - it provides information in an easy and digestible way. However, this information is very far from reality and can disorient a person. From a motivational standpoint, stereotypes are even more unreliable. A person who bases his decisions on mass perceptions, and not on facts, takes a serious risk. Perhaps the most succinct statement of stereotyping was made by basketball star Charles Buckley, who stated: “You realize the world is not what you thought it was when you find out that the best rapper is white (meaning the singer Eminem), the best golfer is the black, tallest basketball player is Chinese (NBA superstar Yao Ming, 2 m 29 cm), and the Germans do not want to fight in Iraq.

Fred Jundt, a professor at California State University at San Bernardino and author of An Introduction to Intercultural Communication, points out that in most cases stereotypes are not used for good purposes. Stereotypes are often a weapon of propaganda for racism and xenophobia. For example, anti-Semitic propaganda based on stereotypes was actively carried out in Germany in the 1920s-1930s - as a result, the German people reacted quite indifferently and even favorably to the extermination of 6 million Jews.

In the United States, for a long time, negative stereotypes towards blacks prevailed in the media (similar views can be traced in many works of literature and cinema - for example, modern African Americans have an extremely negative attitude towards the image of the protagonist of the famous novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe "Uncle Tom's Cabin "). Therefore, the struggle of African Americans for their civil rights was accompanied by a struggle against the usual stereotypes: Martin Luther King actively opposed the prejudice against his race that had developed in American society. His secret opponent, FBI Director Edgar Hoover, on the contrary, tried to reinforce negative stereotypes about blacks.

In 2002, Columbia University published the results of its study on the use of the death penalty in the world. As it turned out, the courts are initially biased towards certain groups of people. For example, death sentences in North America and Europe are more likely to be handed down in areas where the percentage of blacks is higher. A black American has a higher chance of being sentenced to exceptional punishment than a white American who has committed a similar crime. One of the reasons for this is considered racial stereotypes of jurors.

A stereotype tends to change depending on changing conditions. Gregory Tillett, author of the study “Resolving Conflict. The practical approach notes that prejudice against migrants and immigrants is usually based on two different stereotypes. In a period of economic recession, the population perceives the newcomers as invaders, taking away jobs from local residents. During the period of economic recovery, local residents pay attention primarily to the customs of migrants, which are contrary to local traditions. Whatever stereotype is based on hatred, it leads to the fact that it is not possible to establish trusting and productive relationships with hated groups of the population. The most difficult thing to deal with is stereotypes between two ethnic groups that have a long history of conflict with each other.

Benjamin Barber, author of Jihad Against Macworld, believes that the current wave of international terrorism is largely driven by stereotypes. The Islamic world perceives the West as a world of materialism, consumerism, narcissism, immorality, etc. Naturally, such views are a breeding ground for the emergence of terrorists.

Stereotypes also exist in relations between peoples who, in general, know each other quite well and have a common historical past. For example, such prejudices once again showed their strength in a situation where France did not support the US on the Iraq issue. Publications immediately appeared in the media in both countries recalling old prejudices against the Americans and the French.

Pascal Baudry, professor of business administration and head of the consulting firm WDHB Consulting Group, who has lived in the United States for a long time, published the book The French and the Americans. The Other Shore ”, in which he gave a list of qualities that, according to the French, a typical resident of the United States possesses. The American is friendly and sociable, noisy, rude, intellectually underdeveloped, industrious, extravagant, self-confident, full of prejudices, underestimating the achievements of other cultures, rich, generous, promiscuous and always somewhere in a hurry.

In turn, Harriet Rochefort, an American living in France, in her book "French Toast" gave a list of typical American ideas about the French. The French have a reputation for being lazy and not speaking English for ideological reasons. They are self-righteous, impolite and unhelpful, nevertheless, quite helpful to the ladies and artistic. It is very difficult to get close to them. The French live in a bureaucratic socialist state and are completely dependent on officials. They do not know how to fight, and the Americans had to save France twice in the 20th century. In addition, the French are unclean, they eat snails and frogs.

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What is a stereotype as a phenomenon of a social system? Representatives of various sciences study the stereotype as part of their tasks. Philosophers, sociologists, culturologists, ethnographers are interested in the ethnic aspects of stereotypes. Psychologists consider the influence of gender stereotypes. A single concept of "stereotype" covers all spheres of human life.

Stereotype - what is it?

At the end of the 17th century, the French publisher F. Didot invented a device that saves time, labor and price in printing business. Before the invention, the text for the book each time was typed anew, which led to a huge expenditure of resources. Dido's new creative solution was to make casts from the typed text, then metal stamp plates were cast, allowing books to be printed in large numbers. F.Dido called his invention - a stereotype: "στερεός" - solid "τύπος" - image.

What does a stereotype mean as a concept in the modern world? In Walter Lippman, an American publicist in 1922 introduced the term "stereotype" into the social environment and described its meanings as: the impossibility of an individual to know the whole picture of the real world without simplifying it. A person carries out his activities, relying not on obvious direct knowledge, but on ready-made cliché templates introduced by others: relatives, acquaintances, the system, the state.

Types of stereotypes

A child is born and with mother's milk absorbs lullabies, fairy tales, traditions and legends belonging to his ethnic group. Growing up, the baby learns the norms and regulations that are characteristic of his family and clan as a whole. Educational institutions are doing their part. This is how stereotypical thinking is gradually formed. A person is literally “overgrown” with stereotypes. Common types of stereotypes identified by different experts:

stereotypes of thinking
stereotypes of behavior;
ethnocultural stereotypes;
response stereotypes;
communication stereotypes, etc.

The functions of stereotypes can be conditionally divided into "positive" and "negative". The main positive aspect of the stereotype is the economy of human mental activity. A person, in his short life, cannot know everything about everything, but on the basis of the experience of others, he can have an idea of many things, even if they are not related to his reality. The negative aspect comes down to the fact that personal experience (even a single one) confirming the correctness of one or another stereotype is fixed in the subconscious and makes it difficult to perceive people and phenomena in a different way.

Gender stereotypes

A person performs various social roles, including gender ones. The gender role determines the norms of recommended behavior, based on belonging to the male or female gender and the cultural characteristics of the country. What ? The role of a man or woman in society is determined by many traditions and way of life that have been established over the centuries. So far, stereotypes have not become obsolete, the echo of which can be traced in proverbs and sayings of different peoples:

woman - the keeper of the hearth;
a man is a provider;
women are fools;
a woman without children is like a tree without branches;
a lonely woman is a wingless bird;
a man without a wife is like a barn without a roof;
a man promises, a man fulfills;
the little man is not a flirt, but loves to fight.

ethnic stereotypes

Effective interethnic communication today plays an important role in achieving peace and cooperation between peoples. National stereotypes are the cultural representations of a people as a nation about themselves (autostereotypes) and about other peoples (heterostereotypes) developed over the centuries. The study of stereotypes of ethnic groups - helps to find out the features, habits, culture for useful interaction between different countries.

Social stereotypes

What is a social stereotype? Stable and simplified matrices of images of social objects (person, group, profession, gender, ethnic group). At the same time, stereotypes of thinking can turn out to be false and form erroneous knowledge. As a rule, the stereotype is based on observations based on real facts and personal experience, but sometimes the stereotype plays a destructive role when it is applied in a situation that falls out of the general pattern and “sticking” labels on a person occurs. Examples of social stereotypes:

without "blat" it is impossible to build a successful career;
the child must be obedient;
to be successful, you need to graduate from a prestigious university;
all men need only one thing from women...;
all accountants are bores, and lawyers are crooks;
money is evil;
Japanese cars are the highest quality;
Jews are the most cunning;
a man is a womanizer, a drunkard.

Cultural stereotypes

Cultural stereotypes of the society affect human emotions, which are associated with physicality and are supported by gestures. Emotions and gestures are a universal language among peoples similar in cultural customs, but in some countries they can acquire a completely opposite meaning. Before you travel to other countries, it is useful to study the customs of these states. It combines Culture: stereotypes of goal-setting, communication, perception, worldview. Stereotypical behavior is an important stage in the formation of rituals (religious) of different cultures.

Popular stereotypes

What is a stereotype - this question is mostly answered “correctly”, “stereotypically”. Society is accustomed to thinking in popular terms, the reason for this lies in the lack or shortage of information and the inability to confirm this information. The stereotype of thinking (mental setting) - “I am like everyone else” means belonging to one's family, group, people, state, has a downside: it drives into the framework of restrictions, impoverishes a person's personal experience. Popular stereotypes accepted in society:

audacity second happiness;
figure standard - 90/60/90;
it is good there - where we are not;
beats - it means loves;
eat breakfast yourself, share lunch with a friend, give dinner to an enemy;
a woman on a ship - to be in trouble;
get married before 30;
girls should wear pink, boys blue;
women are the weaker sex;
expensive means high quality;

Stereotypes about Russians

Stereotypes about Russia can be traced in various tales and anecdotes, invented both by the Russians themselves and by other peoples. Stereotypically, Russians appear in jokes as “boys-shirts, extremely hardy, loving to drink and make a fuss.” Interest in Russia is great. This power remains a mysterious and majestic, and for some, a hostile country. What do representatives of other states think about the country, Russian women and men:

Russians are the most drinkers;
bears walk the streets;
Russian girls are the most beautiful;
men, walk with a stone face, do not smile;
Russia is a country of balalaikas, nesting dolls and blouses;
the most hospitable;
uneducated and illiterate;
girls dream;

Stereotypes about the French

The whole world follows the French catwalks with trepidation, buys French perfume, and is touched by the most romantic films on the planet. "See Paris and die!" - a phrase said by the Soviet writer-photographer I. Ehrenburg - has long become winged and is said with an aspiration and a dreamy look. Stereotypes of France strongly associated with this beautiful country:

French women are the most sophisticated, elegant;
Paris - dictates fashion to everyone else;
the French are the best lovers in the world;
croissants, wine, foie gras, frogs, baguettes and oysters are the daily national food;
beret, vest, red scarf - standard clothing
the most smoking nation in the world;
strikes and demonstrations "for" and "without cause";
the most inveterate pessimists;
freedom of morals and frivolous behavior;
get annoyed if foreigners mispronounce words in French;
patriots of their homeland affectionately call the country "La dos France" ("France dear").

Stereotypes about Americans

America is a country of contrasts and unlimited possibilities, where the most cherished dreams come true - this is how Americans think about their state. The United States is a country largely incomprehensible to the Russian mentality, causing some rejection, and in the light of the existing tense relations between Russia and America, distrust of the most smiling American nation. Myths and stereotypes about Americans:

a nation of fast food and fat people;
like to organize surprises;
want to take over the whole world;
lack of style and taste in clothes;
the most patriotic nation;
every American has a gun;
not shy about expressing emotions.

Stereotypes about the British

What associations do people have who have never been to England, but have heard about this country? Those who studied English at school remember the famous clockwork Big Ben (Big Ben) and that England is a country of rain, fog and oatmeal for breakfast. There are legends about the stiffness of the English. English detective stories about Sherlock Holmes are loved to be read all over the world. Stereotypes about the British:

constantly talking about the weather;
they drink tea according to the schedule;
the English are the most polite;
arrogant snobs;
conservatives;
strange English humor;
everyone goes to the pub;
the most law-abiding citizens.

Why are they so different? How to understand and form the character of your child Korneeva Elena Nikolaevna

Life stereotypes

Life stereotypes are a chain of habits, behaviors associated with them, and character traits arising from them. They arise under the influence of external conditions of life and activity, social prohibitions and freedoms, modes of work and rest, generally accepted ways to meet urgent needs, options for structuring time common among members of this community, and the nature of their social activity.

The way of life and habits of the townspeople differ from the way of life and habits of the inhabitants of the countryside. The accelerated rhythm of the life of the first, the saturation of each period of time with various events give rise to vanity and detachment. Communication between residents of large cities is often superficial, more of a ritual nature: “Hello!” - "Hey! What's up?" - and fled. The spatial remoteness of their places of residence, partially compensated by technical means of communication, leads to the substitution of direct contacts with telephone conversations, "sms", and the like. Warmth and sincerity leave the relationship of people. It is one thing to “call back” and congratulate, say, a happy birthday or anniversary, and quite another to spend the evening together over a cup of tea and a birthday cake.

Lifestyle to no lesser extent determines the behavior of children and adolescents. Different external circumstances give rise to their own peculiar ways of satisfying the needs for new impressions, activity, communication, and the acquisition of social status.

Typical situations

We moved to the regional center about a year ago. In the village it was very tight with work.

And here my husband immediately got a job in a company, I entered graduate school. Bought an apartment. But the children cry, for all the holidays they ask to be sent back to their grandparents. Everyone had their own company there. From morning to night they were running around somewhere. Here they sit on the couch watching TV. We ask: “Are there really no good guys at school? You don't have to be so arrogant!" And they just shrug their shoulders.

Until the age of five, Igor sat at home with his grandmother. Well, you understand, age, the last grandson, the rest are almost adults. He adapted well in the garden, he likes it. It's more fun with guys. But how he has changed: he used to be quiet, meek, sitting, constructing something. But now it's like a hurricane. Only that on ears does not go! And you won't calm down. Yells, rushes, clamors. At the weekend, I would like to relax, but we have Sodom and Gomorrah. We are waiting - we can’t wait for Monday to send it back to the garden.

Let's look at the examples given.

Breaking away from the usual way of life led to a clash of children with new life stereotypes of their peers, but spending their time in a different way. The foreignness and incomprehensibility of these stereotypes in children cause internal protest, possible aggressiveness, which parents take for arrogance. These guys intuitively try to stick together, although the difference in age used to lead to the fact that everyone had their own company. Their cohesion, attachment to each other is caused, rather, not by mutual sympathy, but by the commonality of memories and the similarity of sensations from what is being experienced at the moment. Sad nostalgic mood, longing for the lost is nothing but a reaction to breaking the habitual life stereotype.

Imagine that you had to spend a day at the station or at the airport. You will also be overwhelmed by longing. You will also wander around restlessly, although the employees of these institutions will not experience anything like that. They, being in the same conditions as you, will be full of strength and energy, because station life is familiar and understandable to them. As for the family that moved to the regional center, if there was one child in it, he would rather adapt to a new life, restructuring his ideas and mastering new stereotypical forms of behavior. In this situation, children hold on to each other like a saving straw and firmly believe that the old life was better than the present.

In the second case, the change in the child's lifestyle is associated with a rather late admission to kindergarten. Prior to that, they were mainly engaged in the grandmother, who managed to raise more than one grandson. The position of the youngest in a large family clan, most likely, led to the fact that the child was used to being in a special position, suggesting permissiveness, privileges, universal love and adoration. Parents saw the child only in the evenings, when he, having run and played enough, satisfied his curiosity, spends the rest of the day playing board games. It is no coincidence that the phrase about grandmother's old age sounded in the story. She, as an elderly person, with all her love for her grandson, could no longer satisfy his need for active cognitive activity, noisy ball games, playfulness and pranks, normal for a boy's age.

And now the child, after a wild home life, when his habits of sleeping late, eating whatever you want, doing whatever your heart desires, has already been formed, ends up in a children's institution, where in the first place is the regime, in the second - group classes held according to the schedule. There is one teacher for twenty-five or thirty children. Its task is to organize joint play activities for children, and not to indulge the willful antics of everyone. And since it is precisely at the age of four to five that preschoolers have the most pronounced need for the approval of adults, then, most likely, the boy behaves in the garden in accordance with the requirements. But following new stereotypes (be neat, polite, restrained, do what they say, get along with children, do not cause complaints) led to the fact that the child's behavior at home changed dramatically. There was no trace of the former peace. Since there are fewer deterrents at home, because here he is still in a special position, Igor screams and rages, allows himself noisy pranks and antics. His behavior at home and in kindergarten is essentially the opposite. The old position in the new social conditions led to a change in the character of the child.

Life stereotypes give rise to socially typical forms of behavior and character traits of people. The presence of typical features does not negate our individuality, but makes us members of one social community, group. This group can be quite large or small, but it necessarily has its own norms. Implemented over and over again by its members, they acquire the character of stereotypes.

Why, then, the participants in one situation, members of one group do not become an exact copy of each other? Yes, because the strength of the same needs is not equal in different individuals. Yes, and natural prerequisites play an important role. But, nevertheless, it can be said with certainty that certain life stereotypes give rise to peculiar types of characters, as if they produce people with a certain mental make-up. The breaking of stereotypes is inevitably reflected in the characterological features of children, as, indeed, of older people.

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Gender stereotypes - stereotypes of masculinity and femininity Stereotypes of masculinity and femininity penetrate our consciousness from childhood. They regulate our life, develop a special view of what is happening. Children are no exception. They even get

What are stereotypes? I think that these are some generalizations (generalizations) of certain human experience, and they arise due to the fact that we live in society. By the way, initially this concept came from ancient Greek and consisted of two words "solid" + "imprint". This was the name of a printing device in a printing house, and then this concept began to be used in relation to ways of thinking. After such an analysis of the origin of the meaning of the word - it already becomes extremely unpleasant! No, I agree that stable life positions are very important for personal development and just for a normal human life. But this is in the case when you have fully thought through them, realized and can even justify them. However, stereotypes are usually a rigid phenomenon, often very unconscious and, meanwhile, strong - a kind of rooted part of thinking. Stereotypes do not even need to be specially trained, unlike other knowledge.

Examples of stereotypes

Simple common examples: “A beautiful and interesting woman must already have a man”, “By the age of 25, every normal girl should already be married and have a baby”, “Men don’t cry”, “A man should be the first to ask for a date and declare his love” , "What is expensive is definitely better than what is cheaper", "Every normal person should go to work", etc. and. etc. You yourself can remember more than one or two such examples, and maybe even tell about cases from your life when you suffered from the influence of stereotypes. For example, if a girl is already about 30 years old, then she is probably tired of hearing from friends and not so, from close and distant questions on the topic: "When will the stork visit you?" Unfortunately, this happens all the time, affecting our lives in a variety of ways - someone gets married in a hurry, someone cannot get to know someone they like (because that person: “Too handsome / rich / old / young ...”), someone daily literally drags their feet to boring work - and all this in order to be like everyone else, to save themselves from bewildered conversations and glances. As a result, many people feel unhappy... In addition - if you do something that does not give you pleasure, but you cannot stop because you are afraid of judging others, then very soon you risk losing yourself among these others - Alas.

What can be recommended in order to get rid of the influence of stereotypes? Many psychologists will give very simple advice that at first glance seems complicated: “Be yourself!” What does it mean? It means to believe in yourself, trust the world, and instead of listening to others, do what you think is right (unless, of course, this is connected with something socially dangerous). Hear yourself, your needs, use creativity and, most importantly, be happy! An unhappy person is not able to develop, and without development there is no life. Therefore, discard all stereotypes that prevent you from being happy! Although, if you really want to, then leave a couple of useful ones - protecting you from something bad (if you are really sure that it is bad)

And, finally, I will add - take responsibility for your life already. to myself!