Svetlana Shevlyakova
NOD "Journey into the history of human habitation"
NOD "Journey into the history of human habitation"
(senior group)
Shevlyakova Svetlana Leonidovna,
MBDOU No. 85 "Robin"
combined type,
Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region.
Target- to create conditions for the development of preschoolers' ideas about the history of the dwellings of various peoples.
Tasks:
To acquaint children with the first dwelling of an ancient person;
Give an idea of what kind of dwellings a person built depending on the climate and living conditions;
Expand children's orientation in space and time;
To consolidate the ability to correlate the type of dwelling and the person;
Exercise in the formation of adjectives from nouns denoting building materials;
Develop creative imagination;
Develop curiosity;
To form communicative qualities, friendliness;
Raise respect for the architectural heritage of our ancestors;
Raise interest in the history of human development;
Integratable educational areas:
"Knowledge"
"Communication"
"Socialization"
"Reading Fiction"
Form of activity: subgroup activity of adults and children.
Activities:
gaming
Communicative
Cognitive
Reading fiction
Form of conduct: game-journey
Equipment and materials:
didactic game "Russell home" (pictures depicting a yaranga, a cave, an igloo, a primitive man, an Eskimo, an African, a modern man); cubes; multimedia presentation "Human Dwellings".
Tell me please, do you like to travel?
Where can you travel?
And today I invite you to make a journey not only in space, but also in time.
But what kind of journey we will go on, you can guess if you guess my riddle.
Adults need it, and children,
All people need in the world
He will protect us from the cold,
And uninvited guests.
And we always strive for it
We'll be back soon.
It's hard for us to live without him
I am telling my story about...
Of course you guessed
This is our favorite ... (HOUSE)
That's right, it's a HOUSE. Each person needs a warm and protected home, and today we will go on a journey through the history of the dwellings of different peoples.
Our journey begins, close your eyes (music sounds)
So, open your eyes. Maybe someone already guessed where we ended up? (slide "primitive world")
That's right, you and I found ourselves in a time when a person had just appeared. (slide "Primitive Man")
Tell me, please, where did the primitive man live then?
That's right, primitive people lived in caves.
Our distant ancestor was surrounded by forests, mountains, deserts. But nature does not build a house, and then man did not know how to use trees, stones or clay. Primitive man was cold, because, unlike animals and birds, he had neither a warm fur skin nor plumage. Our distant ancestor was threatened from all sides.
The man began to look for a place to hide. Searched - searched and found a CAVE.
A cave is an empty space in a mountain (slide "Image of a cave").
He brought twigs and dry grass there and made himself a bed. He set up a hearth in the cave, and hung the entrance with animal skins. The hearth warmed the dwelling, and on the fire you can cook food. So the cave became for a distant ancestor his first home (slide "Primitive people in the cave").
The game "Cave good and bad."
Think and say what good happened to a person with the appearance of a cave, and how does a cave differ from a modern house.
Good- protects against dangerous wild animals; protects from bad weather; serves as a place to relax; You can cook food on the hearth.
Badly- the door had not yet been invented, so the entrance to the cave had to be protected from wild animals; not every locality had caves.
Our journey continues, close your eyes and we are moving on.
Look carefully, who can say where we ended up?
(slide "Snow Desert")
Please tell me, could people live in such harsh conditions?
It turns out that even in such difficult and difficult natural conditions, a person has adapted to survive (slide “Igloo”)
Have you guessed what their unusual houses are made of?
That's right, these dwellings are built of snow and ice. And the ESKIMOS live in such houses, the Eskimo dwelling is called “igloo”. They find a level spot, draw a circle, build walls of heavy ice bricks they cut out of the ice. An entrance is dug in the finished wall, snow is selected. Everything, the needle is ready. Inside they burn bowls with seal fat. This fire is not enough to melt the ice, on the contrary, slightly melted ice freezes even stronger. And they try to cover the snowy floor and walls with animal skins.
Eskimo house game
Let's imagine that these cubes are made of ice and build a house like the Eskimos (children lay out a “needle” from the cubes)
Well done, and who remembers the name of the house made of ice?
Well, our journey continues, close your eyes.
Look, we ended up in the Arctic Circle, where there is a very long winter and a very short summer (slide "Tundra").
Here live such nationalities as the Nenets and Chukchi. From time immemorial, these nomadic peoples bred deer and were engaged in fishing and hunting (slide "Peoples of the North").
Without deer, these peoples would not have warm fur clothes and fur boots, and without warm clothes in this cold land it is very bad.
And they built such houses (slide "Yaranga and chum")
Look at their unusual houses. These houses are called - chum among the Nenets and yaranga among the Chukchi. They are very similar, only the chum is made in the form of a hut, and the yaranga is made in the form of a large tent. The basis of these houses are wooden poles, which are covered with deer skins. There is a small room inside, where people eat and sleep. And behind the canopy is the kitchen and pantry. A fire crackles in an iron stove, venison is boiled in a cauldron.
Physical education "Building a house"
What does it cost us to build a house?
Do you have a foundation to live on? No.
And look out the window.
Roof us from bad weather,
Everyone will be covered all year round.
Smoke comes from the chimney
Mom bakes pies
"Help yourself!"
Well, we rested a little and we can move on again. Close your eyes and our journey continues.
Who guessed where we ended up this time? That's right, this is Africa (slide "Africa")
What do you know about Africa?
That's right, it's really always summer here and it's very hot. And a variety of African tribes live here (slide "African tribes")
In such natural conditions, very warm houses are not needed and people build such dwellings for themselves (slide "Houses of African tribes")
What bizarre houses they create for themselves, some even look like dwarf houses.
Take a close look at what natural materials they use to build their homes?
Indeed, palm leaves, clay, bamboo branches, and reed stalks are used.
The game "The Fourth Extra"
I will now pronounce a chain of words, and you must listen carefully, find the extra word and explain why it is superfluous here.
Heat, desert, snow, sun.
Elephant, hippopotamus, polar bear, giraffe.
Lion, crocodile, giraffe, cheetah.
Pineapples, bananas, coconuts, apples.
But our journey does not end. We close our eyes again ... and find ourselves in the world familiar to us (slide "Modern City")
Modern people have learned to build beautiful houses that are very comfortable and safe for their living. These can be one-story cozy houses for one family or multi-story skyscrapers, where a lot of people can live at once (slide "House and skyscraper")
Didactic game "Tell me differently"
I will name the building material and throw the ball, and the one who catches answers what kind of house can be built.
House of stone - .... stone
brick -
logs -
Here our journey has come to an end. And I want to offer you a very interesting and difficult task, "Spread people into their homes."
You need to choose the right dwelling in which they live.
Well done, everyone did a great job.
We were on a trip.
Haven't forgotten anything?
Stretch out your hand to me
What do you remember, tell me!
What did you like about the trip?
Name the dwelling of the primitive man?
What was the name of the Eskimo dwelling?
What house would you like to live in?
Well done, next time we will get acquainted with other interesting dwellings of different nations.
Houses in different eras Born before the revolution. Almost all buildings to this day are unique. By modern standards, the height of these buildings is small, and at the beginning of the last century, even seven-story houses were considered skyscrapers. Architectural monument Savinskoye Compound, built in 1907. Pre-war Stalins. Stalinist houses are by no means an architectural term. Stalinki - houses of mass construction, usually from three to seven floors high, made of brick. Residential buildings of the Stalin era are the best architecture in Moscow, at the time when they were created. The art of decorating a home has reached significant heights over the period of human history. The use of new technologies and modern industrial methods make it possible to increase the durability, decorative and aesthetic qualities of Buildings.
Tasks of the 1st stage of the game Topic: Buildings and structures 1.5. Name and show in the figure the architectural and structural elements of the building 1. Underground part of the building. 2. The lower part of the outer walls. 3. Horizontal protrusion from the plane of the wall. 4. Divides the building into floors. 5. They are internal and external. 6. Structural element designed to move between floors. 7. The final part of the building and protecting it from the effects of precipitation. 8. Overlap separating the top floor from the attic. 9. Overlap separating the first floor from the basement. 10. It can be attic and non-attic.
The first tools and mechanisms Primitive people knew how to make tools from stone. They also used other natural materials as tools - wood and animal bones, which expanded human capabilities in the construction of dwellings. People learned how to grind stone with sand, as well as drill and saw it.
Today, the alignment of ceilings and walls with the help of drywall is becoming increasingly popular, but in some cases it is better to use monolithic plaster. Most often, gypsum or cement-based plaster mixtures are used. Materials Finishing of buildings belongs to the final stage of construction. It gives buildings a finished look. In ancient Egypt, the walls were leveled on the basis of slaked lime, and in ancient Babylon on the basis of gypsum. And people have known clay for a very long time, from time immemorial.
Tasks 3 stages of the game Topic: Materials Task) Which surface finish is more industrial? a) surface finishing with gypsum boards b) surface finishing with monolithic plaster 2) In what rooms is gypsum board cladding used? a) in rooms where air humidity does not exceed 60% b) in all rooms 3) How is dry plaster done? a) in the same way as monolithic plaster b) by the method of fastening to the frame 4) With which method of surface finishing is labor productivity higher? a) surface finishing with wet plaster b) surface finishing with dry plaster 5) For what surfaces is plaster used? a) for facade cladding b) for cladding internal surfaces 6) What is the beginning of the setting of a fast-hardening gypsum binder? a) 2 minutes b) 1 minute c) 20 minutes
Tasks of the 3rd stage of the game Topic: Materials 3.2. How are solutions divided depending on the ratio of binders? 3.3. What are the figures showing the composition of the components of a simple and complex solution? 3.4. Name binders and aggregates? 3.5. One of the main building materials, without which it is impossible to manufacture reinforced concrete structures. Select materials that are used both for the preparation of Mortars and for painting compositions.
"The Art of Primitive Man" - Salisbury Plain. Venus de Milo. Imagine that you are primitive people. Primitive art, the art of the era of the primitive communal system. dwelling of primitive man. Wooden arcs (25-30 pieces) were installed inside the circle. Cromlechs. Male images in the Paleolithic era are very rare. Primitive art arose 30-40 thousand years ago.
"The History of the Ancient Man" - What new material for the manufacture of tools did people discover? Hunting, gathering, fishing. "Auction". Hunting. Cat in a bag. History in architectural monuments (40). Timeline (40). 2 million years ago. A new weapon was needed. 20. 50. "Historical duel". clay. History in symbols and signs (50).
"Ancient people" - South America. Lesson #1 Europe. Ancient world history. Chopped. Settlement of the ancient people of Russia. Australia. Ancient people. The dwelling of an ancient man. The face of an ancient man. Asia. North America. Africa. History teacher Yegorkina E.M. Lesson plan. Ancient tools.
"Culture of primitive society" - Differences in the education of girls and boys. With the emergence of religious beliefs, elements of physical culture are associated with religious rites. The goal is to create an idea of the physical culture of ancient people. Girls are busy with games that reflect the life and work of their mother. Hunting is the most important branch of economic activity of ancient man.
"Primitive culture" - Fetish - otherwise - a talisman or amulet with protective, protective and supernatural properties. Animism (from Latin animus - "soul") - belief in the animation of objects - is an integral part of every ancient culture. Primitive art. Drawings of a primitive man in the cave of La Moute in France.
"Primitive World" - Without clothes. They eat small animals. The primitive world is the first epoch of world history. Clay utensils. Mastered the planet. The ancestral home is the cradle. What seemed difficult? The first ideas about good and evil. They eat fruits. The simplest dwellings. Settlement of primitive people on the planet. Bow with arrows. What seemed incomprehensible?
There are 30 presentations in total in the topic
Scientists attribute the dwellings of ancient people to the very first method of defense in history, which was used by man to cover himself from external threats. The second such method was clothing. How the house has changed in the history of mankind, we will consider in our article.
Paleolithic era
Previously, scientists believed that during the Paleolithic (the first period of the Stone Age), people did not have settled dwellings, were engaged in hunting, and led a wandering life. Archaeologist I. Bayer at the beginning of the 20th century discovered and described a Paleolithic dwelling during excavations. However, at that time, the discovery was not given serious importance. The study of the issue began later by archaeologists P.P. Efimenko and S.N. Zamyatin. These experts were able to study and describe in detail the first dwellings of ancient people. This was made possible thanks to a new technique.
Method Essence
Previously, excavations were carried out in a caisson way: the territory was divided into squares and each site was explored. All finds were described, filmed, dug further. Such an approach made it possible to study each area carefully, but did not provide an opportunity to form a general picture of the area under study.
Archaeologists Zamyatin and Efimenko excavated vast areas. The territory was also divided into squares, but the archaeologist could see large finds in their mutual arrangement. Thus, it became possible to study the dwellings of ancient people.
The new method was used to investigate dwellings during excavations in Gagarino, as well as in the Kostenkovsko-Borshchevsky district of the Voronezh region. As a result of the research, it was concluded that many inhabitants of the Paleolithic led a settled life, including hunters.
The described method is used today by specialists all over the world.
Skeleton structures
The dwellings of ancient people were discovered repeatedly during excavations. They date back hundreds of thousands and millions of years. Many interesting details were found in such structures.
In the era of the Upper Paleolithic, there was a revolution in the process of building and ordering housing. Perhaps it is associated with a radical change in the climate of the East European Plain.
23-18 thousand years ago there was a strong cooling. The northwestern territories of Russia were covered with severe ice. The permafrost area extended to the Black Sea coast. Ancient people were faced with a serious choice - to leave these territories or change their lifestyle. The population chose the second path, although it was not easy.
The choice was determined by the favorable conditions of the forest-tundra or forest-steppe. Many bushes and grasses grew here, and therefore mammoths and other game were found. Conditions for hunting are quite suitable. But severe cold down to minus 50 degrees required warm clothes and the construction of comfortable housing.
Before climate change, light huts were built on the ground. In the center of such a building there was a hearth, around which there was a spot with the remains of bones and other traces of the life of the ancients. The houses were probably covered with animal skins. This type of building was common throughout the world during the Upper Paleolithic and later centuries.
Alexander-Telman type
Such dwellings of ancient people resembled those described earlier. They were also round with a hearth in the middle. The floor deepened down, there were holes for household items. The structure of the hearths became more complicated: they also deepened, and pits for cooking were placed around. Stones and large mammoth bones were placed along the contour of the dwelling to give strength to the entire building.
Aleksandrovsko-Pushkarevsky type
These structures were elongated, had a length of 20-35 meters, a width of 5-6 meters. The floor was in the central part and the hearths deepened down. There were sections inside. Various objects were stored in the pits in the floor. Food was baked in the pits near the hearths.
The roof of these dwellings was a gable structure.
The appearance of new types of dwellings was explained by the adaptation of the ancients to changing climate conditions, as well as the emergence of a new people from the Danube coast.
Kostenkovsko-Avdeevsky type
This variety represents the most complex design of this era. The dwelling looks like an oval-shaped recess 30 meters long and 8 meters wide. The foci were 1-1.2 meters in diameter. The storage pits were round or pear-shaped.
The ceiling was constructed from large mammoth bones. At the entrance, skulls and flat mammoth bones were attached to the floor. The roof was made from tusks. The section for storing items was also separated by bones.
There were numerous pits on the floor that served as cupboards and drawers.
Anosovsko-Mezinsky type
Such buildings appeared 20 thousand years ago among the inhabitants of the Russian Plain. These are ground-type houses of a rounded shape, 6-9 meters in diameter. Inside, archaeologists found many mammoth bones. From them the dwelling was built. The bones were placed in a thoughtful order, with amazing beauty and symmetry. Archaeologists were particularly struck by the "herringbones" formed by the mandibular bones.
If we talk about how to draw the dwelling of ancient people, then it will be a rather interesting combination of large and small mammoth bones. This is clearly visible in the photo.
In such structures there were pits for storing things. Many designs surprised with their expressiveness, and they even decided to keep them in museums. The Zoological Museum of Kyiv presents a reconstruction of such houses in natural size.
The primitive dwellings of ancient people of this type were located in a certain way: in a circle, inside which people led their daily lives. Such settlements date back to 14 thousand years ago, they were located on the territory of Eastern Europe. After the disappearance of the mammoth, the “mammoth” buildings also disappeared.
Archaeologists are very struck by one feature of the described buildings. They had a "clean" floor. Scientists still cannot understand why there are no traces of human life on the floor. Or were these structures not houses at all?
Some experts suggest that the structures with clusters of bones were intended for cult activities, and not for living. Other scholars believe that mammoth bones were used as musical instruments by the ancients.
I must say that the presented dwellings were found only in Eastern Europe. In other regions of the planet, people lived in cave recesses and grotto niches.
House-tents
In addition to those presented, dwellings in the form of tents were also known. Such a house could be moved with you. This feature was used by nomadic ancient people.
Such dwellings resembled Indian wigwams and Asian plagues. Huts were built from animal bones and covered with their skins. Houses were quickly put up and also easily removed if necessary.
A fire was lit inside. Smoke was released through a hole in the top of the building.
Neolithic houses
In the final era of the Stone Age, people began to build houses from stone. There was a transition from agriculture to cattle breeding.
Dwellings were characterized by constancy. Houses were no longer moved from place to place. People no longer roamed for animals, but grazed cattle near the house.
The dwellings of this era were distinguished by a more complex structure, they were divided into rooms with different purposes.
Study of
Nowadays, the study of the houses of the ancient population begins in high school. This topic is of great interest to students. Schoolchildren get acquainted at the history lessons of the 5th grade with the dwelling of an ancient man. Teachers tell children about different types of houses presented in different historical eras.
As a result of the lesson, the children are given the task to create a project "The dwelling of ancient people" in the form of a presentation.
