How did romanticism appear in literature? Romanticism in Russian Literature at the Beginning of the 19th Century

period in the history of literature of the late 18th - first half of the 19th century, as well as the direction in art and literature that arose in Europe and America at that time with common artistic ideas and literary style, characterized by a certain set of themes, images and techniques. Romantic works are characterized by the rejection of rationalism and rigid literary rules inherent in classicism, the literary movement from which romanticism was repelled. Romanticism contrasts strict rules classicism freedom of the writer-creator. The individuality of the author, his peculiar inner world are the highest values ​​for romantics. The worldview of romantics is characterized by the so-called dual world - the opposition of the ideal to meaningless, boring or vulgar reality. The ideal beginning in romanticism can be either the creation of the imagination, the dream of an artist, or the distant past, or the way of life of peoples and people "natural", free from the chains of civilization, or other world. Melancholy, sadness, inescapable grief, despair are moods that distinguish romantic literature.

The word "romantic" existed in European languages long before the era of romanticism. It meant, firstly, belonging to the genre of the novel, and secondly, belonging to the literatures in the Romance languages ​​that developed in the Middle Ages - Italian, French, Spanish. Thirdly, especially expressive and exciting (sublime and picturesque) in life and literature were called romantic. The word "romantic" as a characteristic of medieval poetry, in many ways unlike ancient poetry, spreads after the publication in England of T. Wharton's treatise "On the Origin of Romantic Poetry in Europe" (1774). Definition new era in European literature and the new ideal of beauty, the word "romantic" became in aesthetic treatises and literary critical articles of the late 1790s. German writers and thinkers belonging to the so-called. "Jena school" (named after the city of Jena). The works of the brothers F. and A. Schlegel, Novalis (the poetic cycle "Hymns to the Night", 1800; the novel "Heinrich von Ofterdingen", 1802), L. Tieck (the comedy "Puss in Boots", 1797; the novel "The Wanderings of Franz Sternbald" , 1798) expressed such features of romanticism as an orientation towards folk poetry and medieval literature, setting the connection between literature and philosophy and religion. They own the concept of "romantic irony", meaning irony caused by the discrepancy between the lofty ideal and reality: romantic irony is outwardly directed at an abstract ideal, but in essence its subject is ordinary, dull or vicious reality. In the work of the late romantics: the prose writer E. T. A. Hoffmann (the cycle of fantastic short stories and fairy tales “The Serapion Brothers”, 1819–21; novel “ Worldly views Moore the Cat…”, 1819–21, not completed), the poet and prose writer G. Heine (the poetic “Book of Songs”, 1827; the poem “Germany, winter fairy tale", 1844; prose "Travel Pictures", 1829-30) - the motive of the gap between the dream and everyday reality prevails, grotesque techniques are abundantly used, including for satirical purposes.

AT English literature romanticism was expressed primarily in the writings of the so-called poets. "lake school" W. Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge, R. Southey, in the poetry of P. B. Shelley and J. Keats. Like German, English romanticism cultivates national antiquity, but it is less philosophical and religious. In Europe, the most famous of the English romantics was J. G. Byron, who created examples of the genre of the romantic poem (Gyaur, 1813; Bride of Abydos, 1813; Lara, 1814). Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–21) was especially successful. Byron created sublime images of individualistic heroes challenging the world; in his poetry, theomachic motives and criticism of modern civilization are strong. In prose English romantic W. Scott created the genre historical novel, and C. R. Maturin - adventure-fantastic novel "Melmoth the Wanderer" (1820). The term "romanticism" as a designation of a new literary period begins to be used in England rather late, in the 1840s.

French romanticism was clearly manifested in the genre of the novel dedicated to egoism and the “disease of the century” - disappointment: “Adolf” (1815) by B. Constant, Stendhal’s novels, “Confession of the son of the century” (1836) by A. de Musset. French romantics turn to the exotic material of the life of the social bottom, as, for example, the early O. de Balzac, as J. Janin in the novel The Dead Ass and the Guillotine Woman (1829). The prose of Balzac, V. Hugo, J. Janin, dedicated to the depiction of strong passions, full of bright contrasts and spectacular images, was called "frantic literature". In French dramaturgy romanticism is affirmed in a fierce struggle with classicism (dramas by V. Hugo).

In US literature, romanticism is represented by prose: novels from the history of North America by J. F. Cooper, novels and short stories by W. Irving, fantasy and detective stories by E. A. Poe.

In Russia, the first romantic works were lyrical poems and ballads by V. A. Zhukovsky, inspired by Western European romanticism. The influence of J. G. Byron is noticeable in the work of A. S. Pushkin, especially in the works of the first half. 1820s (Russian version of the Byronic romantic poem). romantic traits characteristic of the lyrics and poems of E. A. Baratynsky and other poets. The prose of Russian romanticism is dominated by the so-called. secular, fantastic, philosophical and historical stories (A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, V. F. Odoevsky, N. V. Gogol, etc.). Romantic motifs of loneliness are presented in the works of M. Yu. Lermontov. Romantic symbolism of dissonance, discord between man and the natural world, being as an unstable combination of two principles: harmony and chaos - the motives of F. I. Tyutchev's poetry.

The term "romanticism" is also used to refer to the artistic method, which includes works created after the end of romanticism as a literary period. Thus, researchers attribute many works of literature of the 20th century to romanticism, for example, the prose of A. Green and K. G. Paustovsky. As a variant of romanticism, such literary movement like symbolism.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Romanticism- a trend in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the 18th-19th centuries, consisting in the desire of the authors to oppose the reality that does not satisfy them with unusual images and plots prompted by life phenomena. The romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, which, in his opinion, should be the main, defining one. It emerged as a reaction to rationalism.

literary forms

Romanticism- the direction that developed at the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries. Romanticism is characterized by a special interest in the individual and his inner world, which is usually shown as an ideal world and is opposed to the real world - the surrounding reality. In Russia, there are two main currents in romanticism: passive romanticism (elegiac), V.A. Zhukovsky was a representative of such romanticism ; progressive romanticism, its representatives were J.G. Byron in England, V. Hugo in France, F. Schiller, G. Heine in Germany. In Russia ideological content progressive romanticism was most fully expressed by the Decembrist poets K. Ryleev, A. Bestuzhev, A. Odoevsky and others, in the early poems of A. S. Pushkin " Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Gypsies” and M.Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Demon”.

Romanticism- a literary movement that emerged at the beginning of the century. The fundamental principle for romanticism was the principle of romantic duality, which implies a sharp opposition of the hero, his ideal, to the world around him. The incompatibility of the ideal and reality was expressed in the departure of romantics from modern topics into the world of history, traditions and legends, dreams, dreams, fantasies, exotic countries. Romanticism has a particular interest in the individual. The romantic hero is characterized by proud loneliness, disappointment, a tragic attitude and at the same time rebelliousness and rebellious spirit. (A.S. Pushkin."Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Gypsies"; M.Yu.Lermontov."Mtsyri"; M. Gorky."Song of the Falcon", "Old Woman Izergil").

Romanticism(late 18th - first half of the 19th century)- most developed in England, Germany, France (J.Byron, V.Scott, V.Hugo, P.Merime). It originated in Russia against the backdrop of a national upsurge after the war of 1812, it has a pronounced social orientation, is imbued with the idea of ​​civic service and freedom-loving (K.F. Ryleev, V.A. Zhukovsky). Heroes are bright, exceptional personalities in unusual circumstances. Romanticism is characterized by an impulse, an extraordinary complexity, an inner depth of human individuality. Rejection of artistic authorities. There are no genre barriers stylistic distinctions; striving for complete freedom of creative imagination.

realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms

Realism(from latin. realis)- a trend in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and correct reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the XIX century.

literary forms

Realism- artistic method and trends in literature. Its basis is the principle of life's truth, which guides the artist in his work in order to give the most complete and true reflection of life and preserve the greatest lifelikeness in the depiction of events, people, objects. outside world and nature as they really are. Realism reached its greatest development in the 19th century. in the work of such great Russian realist writers as A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, L.N. Tolstoy and others.

Realism- a literary trend that established itself in Russian literature at the beginning of the 19th century and passed through the entire 20th century. Realism affirms the priority of the cognitive possibilities of literature, its ability to explore reality. The most important subject of artistic research is the relationship between character and circumstances, the formation of characters under the influence of the environment. Human behavior, according to realist writers, is determined by external circumstances, which, however, does not negate his ability to oppose his will to them. This determined the central conflict of realistic literature - the conflict of personality and circumstances. Realist writers depict reality in development, in dynamics, presenting stable, typical phenomena in their uniquely individual incarnation. (A.S. Pushkin."Boris Godunov", "Eugene Onegin"; N.V. Gogol."Dead Souls"; novels I.S. Turgenev, JI.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.M. Gorky, stories I.A. Bunina, A.I. Kuprin; P.A. Nekrasov.“Who in Russia should live well”, etc.).

Realism- established itself in Russian literature at the beginning of the 19th century, continues to be an influential literary trend. Explores life, delving into its contradictions. Basic principles: objective reflection of the essential aspects of life in combination with the author's ideal; reproduction typical characters, conflicts in typical circumstances; their social and historical conditioning; the prevailing interest in the problem of "individuality and society" (especially in the eternal opposition of social patterns and moral ideal, personal and mass); the formation of characters' characters under the influence of the environment (Stendhal, Balzac, C. Dickens, G. Flaubert, M. Twain, T. Mann, JI. H. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov).

critical realism- an artistic method and literary direction that developed in the 19th century. Its main feature is the image human nature in organic connection with social circumstances, along with in-depth analysis inner peace person. Representatives of Russian critical realism are A.S. Pushkin, I.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov.

Modernism- the general name of the trends in art and literature of the late XIX - early XX centuries, expressing the crisis of bourgeois culture and characterized by a break with the traditions of realism. Modernists - representatives of various new trends, such as A. Blok, V. Bryusov (symbolism). V. Mayakovsky (futurism).

Modernism- a literary movement of the first half of the 20th century, which opposed itself to realism and united many movements and schools with a very diverse aesthetic orientation. Instead of a rigid connection between characters and circumstances, modernism affirms the self-worth and self-sufficiency of the human personality, its irreducibility to a tiresome series of causes and effects.

Postmodernism- a complex set of worldview attitudes and cultural reactions in the era of ideological and aesthetic pluralism (the end of the 20th century). Postmodern thinking is fundamentally anti-hierarchical, opposes the idea of ​​worldview integrity, rejects the possibility of mastering reality with the help of a single method or language of description. Postmodernist writers consider literature primarily a fact of language, therefore they do not hide, but emphasize the “literary nature” of their works, combine the style of different genres and different styles in one text. literary epochs(A.Bitov, Caiuci Sokolov, D.A.Prigov, V.Pelevin, Ven.Erofeev and etc.).

Decadence (decadence)- a certain state of mind, a crisis type of consciousness, expressed in a feeling of despair, impotence, mental fatigue with the obligatory elements of narcissism and aestheticization of self-destruction of the individual. Decadent-in-the-mood works aestheticize fading away, a break with traditional morality, and the will to die. The decadent attitude was reflected in the works of writers of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. F.Sologuba, 3.Gippius, L.Andreeva, M.Artsybasheva and etc.

Symbolism- a trend in European and Russian art of the 1870s-1910s. Symbolism is characterized by conventions and allegories, the emphasis in the word of the irrational side - sound, rhythm. The very name "symbolism" is associated with the search for a "symbol" that can reflect the author's attitude to the world. Symbolism expressed the rejection of the bourgeois way of life, longing for spiritual freedom, foreboding and fear of world socio-historical cataclysms. Representatives of symbolism in Russia were A.A. Blok (his poetry became a prophecy, a harbinger of "unheard of changes"), V. Bryusov, V. Ivanov, A. Bely.

Symbolism(late 19th - early 20th century)- artistic expression of intuitively comprehended essences and ideas through a symbol (from the Greek "symbolon" - a sign, an identifying sign). Vague allusions to the meaning unclear to the authors themselves or the desire to define in words the essence of the universe, the cosmos. Often the poems seem meaningless. Characteristic is the desire to demonstrate heightened sensitivity, experiences incomprehensible to an ordinary person; many levels of meanings; pessimistic perception of the world. The foundations of aesthetics have developed in the work of French poets P. Verlaine and A. Rimbaud. Russian symbolists (V.Ya.Bryusova, K.D.Balmont, A.Bely) called decadents ("decadents").

Symbolism- pan-European, and in Russian literature - the first and most significant modernist movement. The roots of symbolism are connected with romanticism, with the idea of ​​two worlds. The traditional idea of ​​knowing the world in art was opposed by the Symbolists to the idea of ​​constructing the world in the process of creativity. The meaning of creativity is the subconscious-intuitive contemplation of secret meanings, accessible only to the artist-creator. The main means of conveying rationally unknowable Secret meanings is the symbol (“senior symbolists”: V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, 3. Gippius, F. Sologub;"young symbolists": A. Blok, A. Bely, V. Ivanov).

Expressionism- a trend in literature and art of the 1st quarter of the 20th century, which proclaimed the subjective spiritual world of man as the only reality, and its expression - main goal art. Expressionism is characterized by catchiness, grotesqueness of the artistic image. The main genres in the literature of this trend are lyrical poetry and drama, and often the work turns into a passionate monologue of the author. Various ideological tendencies were embodied in the forms of expressionism - from mysticism and pessimism to sharp social criticism and revolutionary appeals.

Expressionism- a modernist trend that was formed in 1910 - 1920s in Germany. The expressionists sought not so much to depict the world as to express their idea of ​​the troubles of the world and the suppression of the human personality. The style of expressionism is determined by the rationalism of constructions, the tendency to abstraction, the sharp emotionality of the statements of the author and characters, the abundant use of fantasy and the grotesque. In Russian literature, the influence of expressionism manifested itself in the work of L. Andreeva, E. Zamyatina, A. Platonova and etc.

Acmeism- a trend in Russian poetry of the 1910s, which proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses to the "ideal", from the ambiguity and fluidity of images, a return to the material world, the subject, the elements of "nature", exact value the words. Representatives are S. Gorodetsky, M. Kuzmin, N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam.

Acmeism - a current of Russian modernism that arose as a reaction to the extremes of symbolism with its persistent tendency to perceive reality as a distorted likeness of higher entities. The main significance in the poetry of acmeists is the artistic development of the diverse and vibrant earthly world, the transfer of the inner world of man, the assertion of culture as the highest value. Acmeistic poetry is characterized by stylistic balance, pictorial clarity of images, precisely adjusted composition, and sharpness of details. (N. Gumilyov. S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich, V. Narvut).

Futurism- avant-garde trend in European art of the 10-20s of the XX century. In an effort to create "the art of the future", denying traditional culture(especially its moral and artistic values), futurism cultivated urbanism (the aesthetics of the machine industry and the big city), the interweaving of documentary material and science fiction, and even destroyed natural language in poetry. In Russia, representatives of futurism are V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov.

Futurism- an avant-garde movement that arose almost simultaneously in Italy and Russia. The main feature is the preaching of the overthrow of past traditions, the crushing of the old aesthetics, the desire to create a new art, the art of the future, capable of transforming the world. The main technical principle is the “shift” principle, which manifested itself in the lexical renewal of the poetic language through the introduction of vulgarisms, technical terms, neologisms into it, in violation of the laws of lexical word compatibility, in bold experiments in the field of syntax and word formation. (V. Khlebnikov, V. Mayakovsky, V. Kamensky, I. Severyanin and etc.).

avant-garde- movement in artistic culture XX century, striving for a radical renewal of art, both in content and in form; sharply criticizing traditional trends, forms and styles, avant-gardism often comes down to belittling the significance of the cultural and historical heritage of mankind, giving rise to a nihilistic attitude towards "eternal" values.

avant-garde- a trend in literature and art of the 20th century, uniting various currents, united in their aesthetic radicalism (dadaism, surrealism, the drama of the absurd, " new novel", in Russian literature - futurism). Genetically connected with modernism, but absolutizes and takes its desire for artistic renewal to the extreme.

Naturalism(last third of the 19th century)- the desire for an outwardly accurate copy of reality, an "objective" dispassionate image of a human character, likening artistic knowledge scientific. Based on the idea of ​​the absolute dependence of fate, will, spiritual world a person from the social environment, life, heredity, physiology. For a writer, there are no unsuitable plots or unworthy themes. Social and biological causes are put on the same level when explaining people's behavior. Received special development in France (G. Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, E. Zola, who developed the theory of naturalism), French authors were also popular in Russia.

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  The founders of philosophical romanticism: the Schlegel brothers (August Wilhelm and Friedrich), Novalis, Hölderlin, Schleiermacher.

  Romanticism in painting

  The development of romanticism in painting proceeded in sharp controversy with adherents of classicism. Romantics reproached their predecessors for "cold rationality" and the absence of a "movement of life." In the 1920s and 1930s, the works of many artists were distinguished by pathos and nervous excitement; in them there has been a tendency to exotic motifs and a play of the imagination that can lead away from the "dim everyday life." The struggle against the frozen classicist norms lasted a long time, almost half a century. The first who managed to consolidate a new direction and "justify" romanticism was Theodore Géricault.

  One of the offshoots of romanticism in painting is the Biedermeier style.

  Romanticism in literature

  Romanticism first arose in Germany, among the writers and philosophers of the Jena school (W. G. Wackenroder, Ludwig Tick, Novalis, brothers F. and A. Schlegel). The philosophy of romanticism was systematized in the works of F. Schlegel and F. Schelling

  German romanticism is distinguished by an interest in fairy-tale and mythological motifs, which was especially clearly expressed in the work of the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, Hoffmann. Heine, starting his work within the framework of romanticism, later subjected him to a critical revision.

  Romanticism also spread in other European countries, for example, in France (Chateaubriand, J.Stal, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vigny, Prosper Merimee, Georges Sand), Italy (N. U. Foscolo, A. Manzoni, Leopardi) , Poland (Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Slovatsky, Zygmunt Krasinski, Cyprian Norwid) and in the USA (Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, W. K. Bryant, Edgar Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Longfellow, Herman Melville).

  Stendhal also considered himself a French romantic, but he meant by romanticism something different than most of his contemporaries. In the epigraph of the novel “Red and black”, he took the words “True, bitter truth”, emphasizing his vocation for a realistic study of human characters and actions. The writer was addicted to romantic outstanding natures, for which he recognized the right to "go hunting for happiness." He sincerely believed that it depends only on the way of society whether a person can realize his eternal craving for well-being, given by nature itself.

  Romantic poets began to use angels, especially fallen ones, in their works.

  Romanticism in Russian literature

  The most prominent representatives of romanticism in music are: Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Ludwig van Beethoven (in part), Johannes Brahms, Frederic Chopin, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Louis Spohr, A. A. Alyabiev, M. I. Glinka, Dargomyzhsky , N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Cui, P. I. Tchaikovsky.

  The romantic worldview is characterized by a sharp conflict between reality and dreams. Reality is low and soulless, it is permeated with the spirit of philistinism, philistinism, and is worthy only of denial. A dream is something beautiful, perfect, but unattainable and incomprehensible to the mind.

  Romanticism contrasted the prose of life with the beautiful realm of the spirit, "the life of the heart." Romantics believed that feelings constitute a deeper layer of the soul than the mind. According to Wagner, "the artist appeals to feeling, not to reason." And Schumann said: "the mind is mistaken, feelings - never." It is no coincidence that music was declared the ideal form of art, which, due to its specificity, most fully expresses the movements of the soul. It was music in the era of romanticism that occupied leading place in the art system.

  If in literature and painting romantic direction basically completes its development by the middle of the 19th century, then the life of musical romanticism in Europe is much longer. Musical romanticism as a trend emerged at the beginning of the 19th century and developed in close connection with various trends in literature, painting and theater. The initial stage of musical romanticism is represented by the works of F. Schubert, E. T. A. Hoffmann, K. M. Weber, N. Paganini, G. Rossini; the subsequent stage (1830-50s) - the work of F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. Mendelssohn, G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, R. Wagner, J. Verdi. The late stage of Romanticism extends to the end of the 19th century.

  The problem of personality is put forward as the main problem of romantic music, and in a new light - in its conflict with the outside world. The romantic hero is always alone. The theme of loneliness is perhaps the most popular in everything romantic art. Often associated with it is the thought of creative personality: a person is lonely when he is precisely an outstanding, gifted person. Artist, poet, musician - favorite heroes in the works of romantics ("The Love of a Poet" by Schumann, "Fantastic Symphony" by Berlioz with its subtitle - "An Episode from the Life of an Artist", symphonic poem Liszt "Tasso").

  The deep interest in the human personality inherent in romantic music was expressed in the predominance of a personal tone in it. The revelation of a personal drama often acquired a touch of autobiography among the romantics, which brought a special sincerity into the music. So, for example, many piano works Schumann are connected with the story of his love for Clara Wieck. The autobiographical nature of his operas was strongly emphasized by Wagner.

  Attention to feelings leads to a change in genres - the lyrics acquire a dominant position, in which images of love predominate.

  The theme of nature is very often intertwined with the theme of "lyrical confession". Resonating with the state of mind of a person, it is usually colored by a sense of disharmony. The development of genre and lyrical-epic symphonism is closely connected with the images of nature (one of the first works is Schubert's "great" symphony in C-dur).

  The real discovery of romantic composers was the theme of fantasy. For the first time, music has learned to embody fabulous-fantastic images in a purely musical means. In the operas of the 17th-18th centuries, "unearthly" characters (such as the Queen of the Night from Mozart's The Magic Flute) spoke the "common" musical language, standing out little from real people. Romantic composers have learned to convey the fantasy world as something completely specific (with the help of unusual orchestral and harmonic colors). A striking example is the "Wolf Gulch Scene" in Weber's Magic Shooter.

  Highly characteristic of musical romanticism is the interest in folk art. Like the romantic poets, who enriched and updated the literary language at the expense of folklore, musicians widely turned to national folklore - folk songs, ballads, epic (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, I. Brahms, B. Smetana, E. Grieg, etc.). Embodying images national literature, stories, native nature, they relied on the intonations and rhythms of national folklore, revived the old diatonic modes. Under the influence of folklore, the content of European music has changed dramatically.

  New themes and images required the Romantics to develop new means musical language and the principles of shaping, individualization of melody and the introduction of speech intonations, expansion of the timbre and harmonic palette of music ( natural frets, colorful juxtapositions of major and minor, etc.).

  Since the focus of the romantics is no longer humanity as a whole, but a specific person with his unique feeling, accordingly, in the means of expression, the general is increasingly giving way to the individual, individually unique. The share of generalized intonations in melody, commonly used chord sequences in harmony, typical patterns in texture are decreasing - all these means are being individualized. In orchestration, the principle of ensemble groups gave way to the soloing of almost all orchestral voices.

  The most important moment in the aesthetics of musical romanticism was the idea of ​​a synthesis of the arts, which found its most vivid expression in opera Wagner and in the program music of Berlioz, Schumann, Liszt.

  Links

  • Vershinin I.V., Lukov Vl. A. Fedotova L. V.
  • Khrulev V. I. Romanticism as a type of artistic thinking: Tutorial. - Ufa: Bashkir University, 1985. - S. 15-38.
  • Fedorov F. P. Romantic art world: space and time. - Riga: Zinatne, 1988.- S. 26-164.

  It originated at the end of the 18th century, but reached its greatest prosperity in the 1830s. From the beginning of the 1850s, the period begins to decline, but its threads stretch through the entire 19th century, giving rise to such trends as symbolism, decadence and neo-romanticism.

  Rise of Romanticism

  Europe, in particular England and France, is considered the birthplace of the direction, from where the name of this artistic direction came from - "romantisme". This is explained by the fact that the romanticism of the 19th century arose as a result of the French Revolution.

  The revolution destroyed the entire hierarchy that existed before, mixed society and social strata. The person began to feel loneliness and began to seek solace in gambling and other entertainment. Against this background, the idea arose that all life is a game in which there are winners and losers. Everyone's main character romantic work becomes a man playing with fate, with fate.

  What is romanticism

  Romanticism is everything that exists only in books: incomprehensible, incredible and fantastic phenomena, at the same time associated with the assertion of personality through its spiritual and creative life. Mainly events unfold against the backdrop of expressed passions, all the characters have clearly manifested characters, are often endowed with a rebellious spirit.

  Writers of the era of romanticism emphasize that the main value in life is the personality of a person. Each individual is separate world full of amazing beauty. It is from there that all inspiration and lofty feelings are drawn, as well as a tendency to idealization.

  

  According to novelists, the ideal is an ephemeral concept, but nevertheless having the right to exist. The ideal is beyond the ordinary, therefore the protagonist, and his ideas are directly opposed to worldly relations and material things.

  Distinctive features

  

  The features of romanticism both lie in the main ideas and conflicts.

  The main idea of ​​almost every work is the constant movement of the hero in physical space. This fact, as it were, reflects the confusion of the soul, its continuously ongoing reflections and, at the same time, changes in the world around it.

  Like many artistic movements, Romanticism has its own conflicts. Here the whole concept is based on the complex relationship of the protagonist with the outside world. He is very egocentric and at the same time rebels against base, vulgar, material items reality, which is somehow manifested in the actions, thoughts and ideas of the character. The most pronounced in this respect are the following literary examples Romanticism: Childe Harold - the main character from Byron's "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and Pechorin - from Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time".

  If we summarize all of the above, it turns out that the basis of any such work is the gap between reality and the idealized world, which has very sharp edges.

  Romanticism in European Literature

  European romanticism of the 19th century is remarkable in that, for the most part, its works have a fantastic basis. These are numerous fairy-tale legends, short stories and stories.

  The main countries in which romanticism as a literary movement manifested itself most expressively are France, England and Germany.

  This artistic phenomenon has several stages:

  1. 1801-1815 years. The beginning of the formation of romantic aesthetics.
  2. 1815-1830 years. The formation and flourishing of the current, the definition of the main postulates of this direction.
  3. 1830-1848 years. Romanticism takes on more social forms.

  

  Each of the above countries has made its own, special contribution to the development of the aforementioned cultural phenomenon. In France, the romantic ones had a more political coloring, the writers were hostile towards the new bourgeoisie. This society, according to French leaders, ruined the integrity of the individual, her beauty and freedom of spirit.

  In English lore, romanticism has existed for a long time, but before late XVIII century did not stand out as a separate literary movement. English works, unlike the French, are filled with gothic, religion, national folklore, the culture of peasant and working societies (including spiritual ones). In addition, English prose and lyrics are filled with travel to distant lands and exploration of foreign lands.

  In Germany, romanticism as a literary trend was formed under the influence of idealistic philosophy. The foundations were individuality and the oppressed by feudalism, as well as the perception of the universe as a single living system. almost every German work permeated with reflections on the existence of man and the life of his spirit.

  Europe: examples of works

  The following literary works are considered the most notable European works in the spirit of romanticism:

  

  The treatise "The Genius of Christianity", the stories "Atala" and "Rene" Chateaubriand;

  The novels "Delphine", "Corinne, or Italy" by Germaine de Stael;

  The novel "Adolf" by Benjamin Constant;

  The novel "Confession of the son of the century" by Musset;

  The novel Saint-Mar by Vigny;

  Manifesto "Preface" to the work "Cromwell", the novel "Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris» Hugo;

  Drama "Henry III and his court", a series of novels about musketeers, "The Count of Monte Cristo" and "Queen Margot" by Dumas;

  The novels "Indiana", "The Wandering Apprentice", "Horas", "Consuelo" by George Sand;

  Manifesto "Racine and Shakespeare" by Stendhal;

  The poems "The Old Sailor" and "Christabel" by Coleridge;

  - "Oriental Poems" and "Manfred" Byron;

  Collected Works of Balzac;

  The novel "Ivanhoe" by Walter Scott;

  The fairy tale "Hyacinth and the Rose", the novel "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" by Novalis;

  Collections of short stories, fairy tales and novels of Hoffmann.

  Romanticism in Russian literature

  Russian romanticism of the 19th century was born under the direct influence of Western European literature. However, despite this, he had his own characteristic features, which were tracked in previous periods.

  This artistic phenomenon in Russia fully reflected all the hostility of the foremost workers and revolutionaries to the ruling bourgeoisie, in particular, to its way of life - unbridled, immoral and cruel. Russian romanticism of the 19th century was a direct result of rebellious moods and anticipation of turning points in the history of the country.

  In the literature of that time, two directions are distinguished: psychological and civil. The first was based on the description and analysis of feelings and experiences, the second - on the propaganda of the fight against modern society. The general and main idea of ​​all novelists was that the poet or writer should behave according to the ideals that he described in his works.

  Russia: examples of works

  

  Most bright examples romanticism in literature Russia XIX century is:

  The stories "Ondine", "The Prisoner of Chillon", the ballads "The Forest King", "Fisherman", "Lenora" by Zhukovsky;

  Works "Eugene Onegin", " Queen of Spades» Pushkin;

  - "The Night Before Christmas" by Gogol;

  - "Hero of Our Time" Lermontov.

  Romanticism in American Literature

  In America, the direction received a slightly later development: First stage it dates from 1820-1830, the next - from 1840-1860 of the 19th century. Both phases were exceptionally influenced by civil unrest, both in France (which served as the impetus for the creation of the United States), and directly in America itself (the war for independence from England and the war between North and South).

  The artistic trends in American romanticism are represented by two types: abolitionist, which advocated emancipation from slavery, and eastern, which idealized plantation.

  

  American literature of this period is based on a rethinking of knowledge and genres captured from Europe and mixed with a peculiar way of life and pace of life on a still new and little known mainland. American works richly flavored with national intonations, a sense of independence and the struggle for freedom.

  American romanticism. Examples of works

  The Alhambra cycle, the stories The Ghost Groom, Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving;

  The novel "The Last of the Mohicans" by Fenimore Cooper;

  The poem "The Raven", the stories "Ligeia", "The Gold Bug", "The Fall of the House of Usher" and others by E. Alan Poe;

  The novels The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables by Gorton;

  The novels Typei and Moby Dick by Melville;

  The novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by Harriet Beecher Stowe;

  Poetically arranged legends of "Evangeline", "Song of Hiawatha", "Wooing of Miles Standish" by Longfellow;

  Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" collection;

  "Woman in the Nineteenth Century" by Margaret Fuller.

  Romanticism as a literary movement had a fairly strong influence on the musical, theatrical art and painting - it is enough to recall the numerous productions and paintings of those times. This happened mainly due to such qualities of the direction as high aesthetics and emotionality, heroism and pathos, chivalry, idealization and humanism. Despite the fact that the age of romanticism was rather short-lived, this did not in the least affect the popularity of books written in the 19th century in the following decades - the works of literary art of that period are loved and revered by the public to this day.

  Romanticism(Romanticism) is an ideological and artistic direction that arose in European and American culture of the late 18th century - the first half of the 19th century, as a reaction to the aesthetics of classicism. Initially formed (1790s) in philosophy and poetry in Germany, and later (1820s) spread to England, France and other countries. He predetermined the latest development of art, even those of his directions that opposed him.

  Freedom of self-expression, increased attention to individual, unique human traits, naturalness, sincerity and looseness, which replaced the imitation of the classic samples of the 18th century. The Romantics rejected the rationalism and practicality of the Enlightenment as mechanistic, impersonal, and artificial. Instead, they prioritized the emotionality of expression, inspiration.

  Feeling free from the declining system of aristocratic rule, they sought to express their new views, the truths they had discovered. Their place in society has changed. They found their reader among the growing middle class, ready to emotionally support and even bow before the artist - a genius and a prophet. Restraint and humility were rejected. They were replaced by strong emotions, often reaching extremes.

  Young people were especially influenced by Romanticism, who got the opportunity to study and read a lot (which is facilitated by the rapid development of printing). Ideas inspire her individual development and self-improvement, the idealization of personal freedom in the worldview, combined with the rejection of rationalism. Personal development was placed above the standards of a vain and already fading aristocratic society. The romanticism of educated youth changed the class society of Europe, becoming the beginning of the emergence of an educated "middle class" in Europe. And the picture Wanderer above the sea of ​​mist"with good reason can be called a symbol of the period of romanticism in Europe.

  Some romantics turned to the mysterious, the enigmatic, even the terrible, folk beliefs, fairy tales. Romanticism was partly associated with democratic, national and revolutionary movements, although "classical" culture French Revolution actually slowed down the arrival of Romanticism in France. At this time, several literary movements arise, the most important of which are Sturm und Drang in Germany, primitivism in France, headed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the Gothic novel, interest in the sublime, ballads and old romances (from which actually coined the term "Romanticism"). The source of inspiration for German writers, theorists of the Jena school (the brothers Schlegel, Novalis and others), who declared themselves romantics, was the transcendental philosophy of Kant and Fichte, which put the creative possibilities of the mind at the forefront. These new ideas, thanks to Coleridge, penetrated into England and France, and also determined the development of American transcendentalism.

  Thus, Romanticism was born as a literary movement, but had a significant influence on music and less on painting. In the visual arts, Romanticism manifested itself most clearly in painting and graphics, and less so in architecture. In the 18th century, the favorite motifs of artists were mountain landscapes and picturesque ruins. Its main features are the dynamism of the composition, volumetric spatiality, rich color, chiaroscuro (for example, the works of Turner, Géricault and Delacroix). Among other romantic painters, one can name Fuseli, Martin. The work of the Pre-Raphaelites and the neo-Gothic style in architecture can also be seen as a manifestation of Romanticism.