Working with color is always a difficult stage in the artistic process, since the concept of color is abstract. Mixing paints and getting new colors, as well as combining colors on canvas into a single whole, emphasizing something, leaving something in the shade ... This stage can be intimidating for some artists. This is a lack of self-confidence, as a result of ignorance of the basic principles of color combination. They are quite simple and follow certain rules.
primary colors
So, there are three primary colors in drawing: yellow, red and blue. Primary or primary colors are the basis of all colors. In order to get other colors or their shades, you need to mix the main ones. We will talk specifically about painting, since it is obvious that printing and photography have their own set of primary colors.
The colors in the picture are different in lightness, in which the brightness is at its peak. If you convert them to black and white, you will clearly see the contrast.
Pay attention to the wheel of primary and secondary colors. There are three primary in the center of the triangle. Facets are the colors that will be obtained by mixing the main ones. On the outer circle, you can easily see pairs of complementary colors, they are located exactly opposite. In the case of primary colors, the top of the primary triangle is located opposite one of the triangles formed by mixing the primary colors.
Complementary colors
When you look at any color, you don't realize that your eyes are seeing a halo of the complementary color.
Look closely at the two squares. They are the same color. But the square on the left appears bluer because it has a complementary color surrounding it, and both colors influence each other. When we look at the square on the left, our eye also perceives the orange color around it. The second square looks different. If, for example, a purple square is placed on a blue background, the color will also be perceived differently, since purple and blue are not complementary colors.
There are 3 main pairs of complementary colors. Each pair is 1 main and 1 complementary color. So, for red, complementary will be green, for blue - orange, for yellow - purple. The same connections unite pairs of contrasting colors: red-orange will be complementary for bluish-green, bluish-violet for yellow-orange, and so on.
Complementary colors and their contrast
By correctly placing complementary colors close together, you can enhance the effect, as they will deepen each other. Any color will be more saturated next to another than on its own. For example, green and blue contrast with orange and red. The aesthetics of such a combination also depends on the correct proportions: if we use contrasting colors in the same amount, we get a disharmonious combination, but the minimum amount of red against a green background can look beautiful. An impressive picture will be one in which the contrasting colors are of the same tone and intensity. The eyes move rapidly from one color to another, creating an optical vibration that makes the colors appear brighter.
Mixture of complementary colors
Do not use pure complementary colors. More pleasing to the eye will be precisely the so-called mixed complementary colors. That is, separated by a true complementary color. For example, purple is the true complementary (contrasting) color for yellow, and blue-violet and red-violet are its mixed complementary colors.
If you are dealing with contrasting colors, remember the rules of composition. In this case, it is necessary that the most contrasting area in the picture attracts attention. That is, you need to make sure that it coincides with the focal point of the picture, otherwise the contrast will distract the viewer. If the picture has several zones of equal contrast, it will simply be confusing.
Saturated colors will appear brighter next to neutral colors. When dull tones prevail in the picture, you can create a center of interest by adding strokes of pure color. In this way, you will attract the eye and hold the attention. An expressive and bright object can always be successfully emphasized with light transitions of cold colors.
It's no secret to anyone that Color is one of the most important means of depiction. And of course, having the right idea about color science in painting, we can correctly and intelligently apply it to picturesque paintings. Color can be "made" to work for us. And for this it would be nice to figure out and understand how to do it, not forgetting that each of us has his own way of perceiving color and transmitting it.
Color shades rich and varied, but they all obey the laws of color science. Let's try to understand the basic concepts of the science of color without getting deep into the scientific jungle.
Note: the color and shades in oil painting may differ slightly from the shades in acrylic painting, for example, or from the color of the tamper. Therefore, as an example of color science, I will take artistic oil paint. Although the basics of color science are almost the same in all types of paints.
How many colors are in the rainbow?
Surely you know that thethe arc consists of 7 colors, while our "scenic circle" includes 12! Nevertheless, a rainbow in the sky pleases us no less than this.But it's not about the beauty of the rainbow, but about the color as such.
rainbow in color
In the color science of painting there is a concept as primary colors, secondary and derivatives.
Main, the first in the circle, are traditionally considered red, blue and yellow. All the rest, in principle, are obtained by mixing paints. But here the first 3 colors cannot turn out differently.
Minor e colors, that is, the next 3 colors are obtained by mixing the other two first colors.For example, how to get green. We just mix yellow with blue ... Naturally, the lightness and intensity of green will depend on the proportions in which these colors were mixed.
It is also worth remembering that blue, yellow and red paints bought in tubes will differ from each other in warmth and coldness. If you paint pictures, then you probably know that among the yellow flowers there are both warm and cold ones. Therefore, by mixing yellow and blue, we will, of course, get green. But which blue and which yellow do you need to get the right green? There are so many shades of green.
Variety of greens when mixing yellow and blue
I'll say that study color theory is definitely necessary, but no practice. Moreover, the practice in the world of color takes most of the time. We need to learn how to mix, making the color work in our picturesque paintings! Below I will give a small example, made in different warm-cold scales. There are also derived colors. You can get them by mixing three primary and three secondary colors.
But, speaking of color science in painting, we will consider all 12 chromatic colors of the spectral circle and achromatic colors as basic - black, white and all varieties of gray.
Color science in painting
The study of the spectral circle gives an understanding of complementary colors. They are located opposite and have the property of reinforcing each other in the neighborhood in the picture. For example, pink looks much brighter in the company of green, and yellow "lights up" next to blue.
The main characteristics of colors
If paint were an animated object, then one could say that it has a character that consists of three components. Yes, most likely so .. after all, it is these features in color in a picturesque picture that evoke various emotions in the viewer.
Color in art exists to express emotions. some (painters) and the emotional reaction of others (spectators). Using the example of red flowers, I will give an example of the “character of color”.
The main properties of the color character include 3 terms:
- Color tone- the term of color science, which determines the color. Color tone allows you to distinguish one color from another, as well as distinguish them by name.
- Lightness- tone in color, tonality. One of the most important qualities of color, which should not be forgotten
- Saturation- intensity, degree of richness and depth of color. Saturation is also a kind of visible degree of hue in a chromatic color.
Saturation and lightness of red
If, for example, the color was taken incorrectly, then the tonality will turn out to be different. This is an important feature that determines the proximity of a color to light or dark. How can you depict a flower if you use only color tone? No way, it would be flat and look like a child's drawing in pure red. The inner part of the flowers is darker and more saturated.
Lightness and saturation added everything that is needed to the color. But the flower itself consists of only one color - red. All the rest are just its derivatives. As you guessed, for to lighten the color you need to add white. So you can get the degree of lightness and light and shade tone. And darker, adding, for example, gray. To adjust the color, include white and black in the palette. Of course, it will turn out lighter, but the shade will turn out different. From brightly saturated red, with white it will become lighter, that's for sure, but the color also changes to pink. Therefore, we try not to change the color of the paint itself.
Detect Saturation possible as a percentage of the hue in the color. Was it confusing? Here is another fruity example: the color of tangerine and apricot have the same color tone - orange. And even the lightness in both objects is light. And yet the saturation of apricot and tangerine is different. The color of the tangerine will be richer than the color of the apricot: in the tangerine, there seems to be a more contrasting orange. Even simpler in other words, you can describe it like this: a strong-bright orange tangerine and a dull pale orange apricot ...
Shades from orange to yellow
Pure colors from a tube can be the most saturated. Mixing them with other paints and solvents, thereby changing the purity and intensity of the color. We can “turn off” the saturation by adding a gray tint to it.
True, painters rarely use pure color directly from the tube. With skillful mixing of colors, you can get a huge palette of colors and shades. In some painting techniques, pure paints are still used, for example, in the Impasto technique, or "palette knife painting", or lovers of pure contrasting paintings. The reasons may be different, because everyone's color vision is different. read the collection article.
Do you know, Why are white and black not considered colors on the tone scale? Because, "white" and "ink" have only one lightness. They cannot be more or less saturated. Have you ever heard "light white" or "light black"? All that they can transform into gray shades, differing only in the lightness of the gray color.
The saturation of black is, for example, soot gas - cold and pronounced, while burnt bone- opposite, warm and dim. There is also grape black, which is between them in terms of darkness and brightness. By mixing paints with white or black, you can perfectly practice and get acquainted with all the properties of the paint. Try it, it's very interesting!
Many artists are insanely afraid to use black paint on their palette, but in vain! After all, it can make the palette wider and richer. But which of the black paints to choose is up to you, you also need to try them all. In principle, they are extremely important for changing other colors.
Darkness of black colors
What gamma is better and how to harmonize the color?
In color science, there is such a thing as execution of the picture in warm and cold colors. By mixing 2 chromatic colors in different combinations, you can get shades with different warm and cold undertones. Combinations of shades with the same halftone are considered ideal. Not all colors can harmoniously combine in one picture.
For example, cold purple harmonizes perfectly with cold green, their connecting "thread" is a blue semitone. But cold purple and warm green do not combine at all, blue conflicts with the yellow halftone in green.
Therefore, it is better to use paint colors for warmth and coldness.For example, you can depict a similar plot in different scales and compare.
Color science in painting - warm and cold gamma
Agree that warm colors create a completely different feeling than cold ones. In the first variant warm notes are chosen to give the impression of a hot day. In the same time, second image in cold colors creates the feeling of a cold morning.
Oil paint color palette
Today, the palette of colors is diverse and pleases us with such a wide range of choices. And the richer your palette is, the more interesting and “boring” your work will turn out. 12-15 tubes of paint is enough to get you started, but as you learn different mixes, you will learn how to get new colors and shades. Or buy ready-made mixed paints in tubes, if funds allow. Oil paint in tubes is stored for a very, very long time, and, of course, you need to study and practice .... No way without it!
Oil paint color palette
The price of paint in tubes directly depends on how many times it was mixed to get one or another shade. And the more interesting and rarer the mixing, the more expensive the paint will cost. I have in my arsenal expensive paints in rare colors, such as warm gray or raspberry-purple-violet. I rarely use them, as over time I learned to "extract" them by mixing.
Important: Not all oil paints for painting are the same. Different manufacturers may have slightly different paints in color, density, and even in name. Therefore, it is extremely important to choose high-quality paints, especially at the stage of studying oil painting.
For example, I am using French Lefranc & Bourgeois, Pebeo; Dutch rembrandt, English paint manufacturers Daler & Royney and German Lukas, Mussini. Italian also available in my arsenal, oil Master but very thick and less favorite. There are also Russian"Ladoga", but still much inferior in quality to French or English. For experience, it is useful to experiment with different manufacturers.
What do you think paint is made of? What is its composition and why do some dry faster than others? Oil paint contains color pigments and binders. Usually these are oils, soft resins, beeswax and essential oil. Ether helps to "thinn" thickly grated colorful pastes. And the ratio of the pigment to the ratio of binders is different. And one of the reasons for the slow drying of the oil is precisely this. Here is an example of the composition of oil paints:
Characteristics of paints
You can often hear questions about mixing shades and colors: what can be mixed with what, and what should not be mixed with what, to avoid dirt.
When painting a picture, you need to remember the basic characteristics of colors and how the temperature of the paint changes under the influence of different shades. Also about warm and cold colors, but in general there are no prohibitions in mixing colors. This is an area where you can safely experiment and get results through trial and error. The article will discuss in detail the methods of mixing.
And don't forget creativity should bring joy from the process, add energy and strength, as well as energize us and not vice versa. Even fatigue after painting a picture will be pleasant and with a sense of satisfaction.
As you can see, the basics of color science are not so difficult, with certain knowledge and the right proportions, of course. Painting is alive, you cannot learn color science once and for all, this is something that can be studied and studied throughout life ... Do you agree with this?
Methodological guide "Color - the basis of painting" for children 6-7 years old.
Sokolova Svetlana Sergeevna, teacher of additional education, MBU DO "Syavsky Center for Children's Creativity", Syava village, Nizhny Novgorod region.
The methodical manual "Color is the basis of painting" is intended for children 6-7 years old. Developed on the basis of educational materials by G. P. Shalaeva "Learning to draw." It will be useful for educators, teachers of additional education in teaching children the basics of color science and the techniques of watercolor and gouache in painting. It can also be used by parents who are self-employed with their children.
Target: Acquaintance with the basic characteristics of color as a means of artistic expression.
Tasks:
lay theoretical knowledge about color;
develop a sense of color, artistic taste;
to form a system of knowledge and skills for working with color;
develop confidence and initiative.
The methodological manual "Color is the basis of painting" will significantly enrich the artistic and practical base of the younger student. This manual is aimed at mastering children's theoretical and practical knowledge and skills of working with color.
Knowledge about color, methods of working with paints is also necessary for mastering the technology of painting. Children are invited to master the principles and methods of working with primary and secondary colors, delicate and saturated, sonorous and deaf, cold and warm shades. An important part is the work on mastering color relations, where children get acquainted with the theory and visual-demonstration base and perform a number of creative tasks. Color is of great importance in the life of a modern person. Knowledge about color is necessary for everyone. The ability to see, feel color harmony helps the child to develop creative activity.
Note:
a) It is desirable to study the methodological manual in blocks (divided into the proposed sections). For each topic, conduct reinforcing exercises with students.
b) Use the material of the manual at your own discretion - based on the age characteristics of the child.
Methodological guide "Color is the basis of painting"
Topic. Primary and secondary colors.
Works painted with paints are called paintings.- Paints are different: watercolor, oil, gouache.
- They write with paints, but do not draw!
- To make it more convenient to paint a picture with paints, the artist puts it on an easel.
- Paints are mixed with brushes or a palette knife on a plastic (wooden) plate - a palette.
Everyone knows that objects come in different colors and shades. For example, a lemon is yellow and an orange is orange, a cucumber is green and a cherry is red. But there are only three pure colors. The remaining colors are called derivatives, or composite.
The science of studying color is called - floriculture. Every artist should know color science, otherwise he will not be able to paint a good picture.
Color is the main expressive means of painting.
- Colors can be divided into primary and secondary.
- Colors can be divided into close and opposite.
- Colors can be divided into warm and cold, sonorous (bright) and deaf (calm).
Color spectrum.
Pure, bright colors are called color spectrum.
This joke was invented in order to remember the order of the colors in the spectrum.
Primary and secondary colors.
By mixing the primary colors, we get new ones, which are called - components or additional.
Color the first triangle with blue watercolor paint and let it dry thoroughly. At this time, carefully wash the brush in water and paint the second triangle with yellow paint. Let's see what we got. What color did the piece come out where the yellow color hit the blue? Green.
Further, also letting the drawing dry, we take red paint and paint over the third triangle, and we see that on that piece of it that “entered” the previous figure, it turned out not yellow, not red, but orange.
This method of overlapping one color with another is called glazing. Glazing is needed in order to enhance the brightness of the color or get a different color.
Let's look at the table and find out how to get other colors
Is it possible to get red, blue and yellow by mixing other colors?
Red, blue and yellow cannot be obtained by mixing others, which is why they are called main flowers. You can't do without them; and all the other colors that can be made up of the primary ones, mixing one with another, are called constituent.
Exercise. Color the rooster with compound colors.
Topic. Shades and midtones.
If you dilute paints with water, then their tone will be paler, that is, from red you get pale red, that is, pink, from blue, pale blue, that is, blue, and from yellow, pale yellow. The more water you add to the paint, the lighter the tone will be. These light tones of colors are called shades, or halftones.
Color shades of primary colors.
You can get different shades in another way - by adding white paint (white paint) to the paints. This color changing property is called lightness.
Adding black or gray paint to the three main ones will lead to a change in color from light-tender to gloomy-alarming tones and to the manifestation of another property - color saturation.
Exercise. Color the flowers with dark and light shades, use the mixing colors to color the leaves.
Memory knot.
Strengthen the main color of the object in the shadow, and weaken it in the light by adding water to the paint. In addition, by loosening the color, you can make the transition from light to dark more even.
These neutral colors enhance the main ones, meaning a white swan on a black background will be even whiter.
A white swan on a yellow background will not look so white.
Topic. Contrasting colors.
There are other colors called contrasting. Contrasting colors are opposite each other.
These are three pairs of contrasting colors.
These colors give brightness to each other, and the combination of these pairs is considered harmonious.
Let's pay attention to how bright the yellow triangle looks on the purple circle, the red circle in the green square, and the blue oval on the orange rectangle.
Let's look at maple leaf drawings. What background would be the most successful for him and why?
Exercise. Color the picture with contrasting colors.
Theme.Warm and cold color.
Warm colors are called so because they resemble the color of fire, sunlight.
Cool colors are called so because they are associated with ice and water.
Exercise. Color the picture with cool colors.
Exercise. Color the picture with warm colors.
Green is made from warm (yellow) and cool (blue) colors.
Exercise. Determine in what shades of green the children's drawings are drawn.
Exercise. Color the leaves with warm and cool shades of green.
Topic. Voiced and deaf colors.
The choice of color depends on the mood in the work. It is known that different colors affect our mood in different ways, they can cause joy, sadness, anxiety.
Bright colors in the paintings of famous artists.
Artist Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov "Golden Autumn"
BASIC AND COMPONENT COLORS
Goals: give an idea of primary and secondary colors; introduce the color wheel; learn to make composite colors by mixing two primary; develop visual perception of color, mindfulness; to promote discipline.
Equipment: table "Color wheel", a sample of pedagogical drawing, paintings depicting a rainbow.
Dictionary: primary and secondary colors.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
1. Welcome.
2. Checking the readiness of students for the lesson.
3. Fulfillment of the task.
Teacher. I had scattered letters and syllables, from which I wanted to add the name of the drawing supplies needed for the lesson. Help me put these two words together.
(Paints, brush.)4. Wetting of paints.
II. The topic of the lesson.
Teacher. Each item has its own inherent color. For example, ripe lemons are yellow, oranges are orange, and cucumbers are green. It would seem that everything is clear here. But take your time, the color has a lot of secrets. No wonder there is a special science - color science, dealing with the problems of studying color. So we will gradually begin to comprehend these secrets, so that our drawings are not only colorful, but also convey the real color of the object plausibly.
III. Communication of theoretical information.
Teacher. The great English scientist Isaac Newton once had the idea to pass a narrow sunbeam through a trihedral glass prism. When he did, he saw that a succession of beautiful colors appeared on the screen behind her. You've seen it at home too. For example, when a ray of the sun hits the edge of a beautiful crystal vase, we then see red, yellow and other colors. And there is one more natural phenomenon, when many people see the same beauty at the same time.
– What is it called?(Student answers.)
– That's right, it's a rainbow. The rays of the sun, passing through the raindrops, in the same way as in the prism, are divided into seven colors. Remember which ones?(Student answers.)
– Can you arrange them in the same order as in the rainbow?(Student answers.)
There is one magic phrase: "Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting." The first letter of each word denotes a color, and the place of the word in the phrase indicates its place in the sequence of colors.
Knowing the patterns in the arrangement of colors is very important, you will see this later. To make it convenient to work with this scale, all colors were depicted as a color circle, adding to the already known purple color, which is absent in the rainbow, but exists in nature.
But there are three colors that are called pure, or basic. It is red, yellow, blue.
Mixing three primary colors gives white, and mixing two of them gives mixtures of colors. This does not mean at all that if you take red, yellow and blue watercolors, mix them, then you will get white. No, such a transformation is possible only by mixing the rays of light colored in the primary colors. Try experimenting at home by directing rays to one point, which can be passed through colored glasses first.
If we mix two primary colors, we get the so-calledcomposite colors . For example, by mixing yellow and red we get orange, by mixing blue and red we get purple.
IV. Didactic games.
1. Find out the composition of the composite and main colors.
The teacher shows a card painted in any color, and the students either clap their hands if the color is primary or sit silently if the color is secondary.
2. Let's check how much you notice.
On the board are laid out in order the cards, painted in the colors of the rainbow. When the students close their eyes, the teacher either rearranges the cards or swaps them. Students must re-order.
3. Who would you like to see?
The teacher shows two cards with different primary colors, such as blue and red. Students should hold up a card that is colored in a compound color, in this case purple. The pace of the game gradually accelerates.
V. Practical work.
Task 1. Perform exercises on mixing primary colors to obtain composite ones.
Task 2. Draw a color wheel according to the sample.The inner circle is the primary colors.
The outer circle is the secondary colors.
Task 3. Draw how you imagine a seven-color flower from the fairy tale of the same name.
P h i s c u l t m i n t k a
We sat and drew
And a little tired.
Stand up, spread your hands
Lifted up, stretched
Dropped and bent down.
One, two, three, four, five,
You can draw again.
VI. Summary of the lesson.
1. Collect words and s and s and n n n y s s
(Main color.) 2. Read the words.What happens in orange?
(Orange.)
3. Concluding remarks of the teacher.
Some of you might find it strange that we devoted an entire lesson to color. But this is only the beginning. We will have many more questions.
For example:
– What colors go well together?
– Why do some colors seem to stick out of the picture, while others seem to merge with neighboring colors?
So we still have a lot of discoveries ahead of us. The main thing now is to train your vision so that you can distinguish shades of the same color or different tones obtained by mixing primary and secondary colors. Only then will you be able to correctly convey color relationships in your drawings.
4. R evaluating.
“Aspiring artists!
Today I want to talk a little about basics of color theory and how to mix primary colors for a rich palette.
Fundamentals of color theory
You may remember from school physics that first Isaac Newton and then Thomas Jung derived a principle that is still recognized by all artists as an indisputable fact: light is color. Newton came to this conclusion in a closed, dark room, when he opened the window and let in a small streak of light. Then, placing a triangular glass prism along the path of the light beam, he saw that the glass broke the white strip of light into six colors of the spectrum, which became visible when they fell on the adjacent wall.
A few years later, Jung, an English physicist, performed the same experiment in reverse. Through his research, he established that the six colors of the spectrum can be reduced to three primary colors: green, red and blue. Then he took three lamps and projected beams of light through the filters of these three colors, focusing them on one point; green, red and blue beams combined into one white beam. In other words, Jung recreated light.
Thus, the light around us consists of light of six different colors; when they fall on some object, then this object absorbs some of these colors and reflects others.
Let's highlight this thesis: all opaque objects reflect all or part of the light directed at them.
In practice, to better understand this phenomenon, let's imagine that, for example, a red tomato absorbs green and blue and reflects red; and a yellow banana absorbs blue and reflects red and green, which, when superimposed, allow us to perceive the color as yellow.
We are going to devote to the study color theory a little time, but we will do it like real artists; that is, we will not draw with light (light colors), but we will draw light with the help of a colored substance called a pigment (dye). Taking such well-known material as colored pencils, we will show how to study a wide range of colors, based on the theories of Newton and Young, but approaching these theories from the point of view of the artist.
Color range and pigment
In the chromatic circle or color table (see the figure below), the primary colors are denoted by P, and the secondary colors by B. Based on the foregoing, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- Artists paint with paints with which they can reproduce the colors that make up light, or the colors of the spectrum.
- If the colors of the spectrum and the palette of the artist coincide, it is easy for the latter to imitate the effect of light falling on objects and thereby accurately recreate natural colors.
- The theories of light and color show us that an artist can paint all natural colors using only the three primary colors, which, as paints, are yellow, greenish blue, and magenta.
- However, understanding how to use complementary colors greatly expands the expressive potential of the artist's palette, which captures the shades and qualities of light and color and, as we will see later, leads to the achievement of harmony and perfection in the picture.
Additional colors
As we can see from the chromatic circle, complementary colors are pairs of colors opposite each other. Guided by this principle, we create additional pairs of tertiary colors. For example:
blue row
Note that dark blue is obtained by mixing magenta and blue, magenta being applied first.
Be careful with magenta. This is a very rich color and should be applied in a light layer.
To get dark blue, blue is superimposed on magenta. However, you can experiment by changing the order of the colors, and start with blue, covering with magenta. This can be useful if you need to deepen the blue color; pay attention to the lower right square at the bottom of the picture, the intensity of the color.
orange-red row
If you apply yellow to dark magenta (top sample), you get a dark red. However, if you want to build an orange-red scale, you need to carefully monitor the amount of magenta and yellow. On this sample, we painted magenta yellow with varying degrees of intensity of one or the other. From left to right, from the whiteness of the paper to the red of the darkest shades, bypassing the orange-red colors of varying degrees of saturation. 
A range of ocher and earthy tones
By using a mid-tone violet composed of magenta and blue (see top bar), a wide range of colors can be created, ranging from yellow ocher, then sienna (ocher) to burnt ocher (reddish brown). To achieve this, yellow must be added to the various purple tones formed by the other two primary colors. As in previous cases, you need to strictly monitor the intensity of the superimposed colors, depending on the result that is needed. You can see that in the first three squares there is much less blue than in the bottom row, in which magenta and blue predominate over yellow. 
"Neutral" green row
This is a green color, growing in intensity, in which there is an element of magenta. The series can be described as neutral because it is muted by the presence of a third color altering a pure green made up of only blue and yellow. This green row can be considered to be composed of yellow added to a purple base, as opposed to green with a blue base. Determine for yourself the amount of each color you need to achieve the shades shown in our six samples. 
Blue-gray row
With this practical example, you can determine how more or less of the primary color in the mixture affects the final shade. We will create a blue-gray row. As in the previous paragraph, mixing blue with magenta will give us approximately the same violet tones in the blue range that in the previous case led to the creation of neutral green tones. To this combination we add a certain amount of yellow, which, however, will not lead to a strong change in color. The whole difference in tones in the previous and in this case, that is, the difference between the green and blue-gray rows, consists in a greater or lesser amount of added yellow. (Sorry for the picture quality): 
And now let's reunite all the information collected during the study of each color separately, into a single series, consisting of 36 colors. Take note of the following:
- The paper should be watercolor, rough, of good quality.
- If you have two blue or two red pencils in your box of pencils, use only bright blue (greenish blue) and magenta or crimson and, of course, yellow pencils.
- Place protective paper under the drawing hand.
- Hold the pencil in the usual way, slightly higher than when writing.
- First, practice on rough sheets of paper of the same type that you will use on fine papers.
- The technique for creating the first color rows is to draw from left to right (or right to left if you are left-handed), you do not need to press the pencil, it is better to hold the stylus at an acute angle to the paper. The strokes should go vertically when moving the hand to the right, becoming gradually thicker and more intense, so that the color range changes gradually and evenly.
- In the end, the color scale can be slightly cleaned up; be sure to do this, just constantly monitor the uniformity of the transition of tones in the color range as a whole.
Thus, we have a palette of 36 colors:
