The modern role and significance of the military-patriotic club "Nakhimovets" in the moral education of youth. The development of the modern patriotic movement The role of military-historical reconstruction in the patriotic education of youth military-sports game "Zar

Chapter I. Historiography and characteristics of the sources of the problem.

§ 1. Historiography of the problem.

§ 2. Characteristics of the source base of the study.

Chapter II. Formation and development of domestic military museums as cultural and educational institutions in the period from 1918 to 1991

§ 1. Military museums in the system of education of military personnel.

§ 2. Creation and development of the legal foundations of military museums.

§ 3. Activities of state and military administration bodies to improve the organizational structure of the military museum network.

Chapter III. Cultural and educational work of military museums in the period under study.

§ 1. Activity of military museums on excursion service of visitors.

§ 2. Stationary and traveling exhibitions as a form of cultural and educational work of military museums.

§ 3. Organization of social-mass and search work.

Chapter IV. Popularization and publishing work of military museums in the period from 1918 to 1991.

§ 1. The work of military museums to promote their funds and collections.

§ 2. The role of the publishing work of military museums in the cultural service of military personnel.

Recommended list of dissertations

• The history of border museums in Russia and their role in the education of personnel: 1893 - 2000. 2000, candidate of historical sciences Skosareva, Larisa Alekseevna

• The activities of the museums of the air forces of the Russian Federation for the patriotic education of military personnel: 1991-2005. 2007, candidate of historical sciences Semonenko, Yuriy Fedorovich

• Museums of the Russian Navy in the 19th - 20th centuries: the history of creation, formation and development 2007, candidate of historical sciences Tretyakova, Irina Anatolyevna

• Formation and development of the Armory as a museum institution, 1806 - 1918 2000, candidate of historical sciences Nikolaeva, Anna Sergeevna

• Russian military museums in the first third of the 20th century: From the history of org. and activities 1997, candidate of historical sciences Aleksandrova, Natalya Vladimirovna

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Military museums and their role in cultural and educational work with military personnel: 1918-1991"

Similar theses in the specialty "National History", 07.00.02 VAK code

• The evolution of museum work in the Kursk region: 1945-2005 2010, candidate of historical sciences Dolzhenkova, Tatyana Ivanovna

• Public museums of the Kursk region in the daily life of the population: 1920s - 1991 2013, candidate of historical sciences Besedin, Vladimir Grigorievich

• The activities of local history museums in the context of the reform of the Russian state at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries: On the materials of local history museums of the Central region of the Russian Federation 2003, candidate of historical sciences Titova, Valentina Vasilievna

• History of Museum Affairs in the Altai Republic: 1918–2009 2010, candidate of historical sciences Belekova, Emilia Alekseevna

• Formation and development of museum business in the Russian Far East, 1884-1917 2001, candidate of historical sciences Korneva, Larisa Vladimirovna

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Patriotic History", Kuznetsov, Andrey Mikhailovich

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Chapter I. Historiography and characteristics of the sources of the problem.

§ 1. Historiography of the problem.

§ 2. Characteristics of the source base of the study.

Chapter II. Formation and development of domestic military museums as cultural and educational institutions in the period from 1918 to 1991

§ 1. Military museums in the system of education of military personnel.

§ 2. Creation and development of the legal foundations of military museums.

§ 3. Activities of state and military administration bodies to improve the organizational structure of the military museum network.

Chapter III. Cultural and educational work of military museums in the period under study.

§ 1. Activity of military museums on excursion service of visitors.

§ 2. Stationary and mobile exhibitions as a form of cultural and educational work of military museums.

§ 3. Organization of social-mass and search work.

Chapter IV. Popularization and publishing work of military museums in the period from 1918 to 1991.

§ 1. The work of military museums to promote their funds and collections.

§ 2. The role of the publishing work of military museums in the cultural service of military personnel.

Dissertation Introduction 2009, abstract on history, Kuznetsov, Andrey Mikhailovich

At present, state and military authorities face a serious task - strengthening the moral and psychological state of the personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The practice of educational work has developed many directions, forms and methods for its solution, but skillful and professional use of the possibilities of the centuries-old culture of the country, the armed forces, especially its material component, stands apart. The material component of culture is a set of tangible objects that express the uniqueness and originality of a particular culture that has existed in human history. These can be tools, samples of household utensils, clothing, architectural structures and, importantly for a military audience, items of military activity. Already at the dawn of their history, people began to collect and pass on to their descendants the most significant and valuable objects of material culture, which served as the basis for the continuity of the traditions of a particular people. To ensure the safety of objects, the possibility of displaying them, special premises began to be created, which later became known as museums. With the development of civilization, museum work improved, acquired new features and began to develop in certain directions. This is how historical museums appeared that specialize in collecting, studying and displaying various objects of the history of a particular state, art museums that collect and promote art objects, technical museums that tell about the development of technology, etc. A special place among them began to be occupied by museums that collected and stored objects of the "material history" of the military practice of mankind.

The history of the creation, formation, development and functioning of domestic military museums testifies to the fact that they carried and carry a huge educational and cultural potential aimed at instilling in the Russian army a feeling of love for their homeland, the armed forces, devotion to the best military traditions.

The study of the historical experience of the activities of domestic military museums at various stages of its development will expand the practical possibilities in organizing the leisure of military personnel, will contribute to the education of personnel on the examples of the heroic past of our Motherland.

One of the most significant periods in the development of domestic military museums was the period from 1918 to 1991. At this stage, the military museum network was practically re-created by the state and military authorities, legal documents were developed that formed the basis of its work.

The activities of military museums in the Soviet period have repeatedly passed the test of time. The events of the Civil War and foreign military intervention, the interwar period, the Great Patriotic War, the post-war period, the period of the 1960s and early 1980s, perestroika showed that the work of preserving, accumulating and using objects of military history in educational and cultural and educational work with military personnel was quite effective. In this regard, for military historians it is of particular interest to study the experience of the functioning of domestic military museums in the Soviet period, the activities of cultural services for military personnel and their families, which can be in demand in the practice of educational work and socio-cultural activities in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The relevance of the study of this problem is determined by the following circumstances.

Firstly, its insufficient development, the absence of major generalizing scientific works on this topic, revealing the activities of domestic military museums in 1918-1991. and their role in cultural and educational work with military personnel.

Secondly, the study of the activities of military museums during this period meets the requirements of the State Program "Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010", orders of the Minister of Defense

RF No. 265 of June 10, 2001 "On military history work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" and No. 79 of February 28, 2005 "On the improvement of educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."

Order No. 265 of June 10*, 2001, in particular, states: “The use of military historical knowledge in the education of military personnel is carried out in order to develop their abilities to realize and deeply understand their military duty and personal responsibility for defending the Fatherland. It is carried out within the framework of the performance of official duties by the relevant commanders (chiefs) together with the educational work of the Armed Forces in the course of studying the military history of the Fatherland in the system of public and state training, as well as carrying out activities to promote it by popularizing the heroic deeds of Russian soldiers, the activities of outstanding commanders and warlords" 1.

Historical objects in the funds and expositions of military museums are the material basis for conducting military history work and contribute to a more substantive formation of patriotism among Russian soldiers.

Order No. 79 dated February 28, 2005 noted that cultural and leisure activities are part of the complex of educational work organized by the RF Armed Forces. One of the forms of cultural and leisure activities is visiting museums by military personnel on weekends and holidays.

In addition, the order contains a provision that commanders of all levels must take measures to develop and update the expositions of military museums, museum-type formations, rooms of military glory. Appropriate councils must be elected for their effective operation2.

In order to put these provisions into practice, it is necessary to closely study the relevant experience of the activities of the military administration bodies, the military museum network, accumulated in the period from 1918 to 1991.

1 See: Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 265 dated June 10, 2001 “On Military Historical Work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”. - M., 2001. - S. 3-4.

2 See: Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 79 dated February 28, 2005 “On the improvement of educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”. - M., 2005. - S. 15-16.

Thirdly, by increasing the role of military museums in the upbringing, education and cultural services for servicemen and their families.

Fourthly, the need to improve the activities of state and military administration bodies, educational structures in the field of cultural services for the personnel of the Russian Armed Forces based on the experience accumulated by domestic military museums.

Fifthly, the growing attention of the public to the objects of material culture of military activity and everyday life of the domestic armed forces, stored in military museums, and the possibility of their use in the patriotic education of the younger generation.

The relevance, insufficient degree of development of the problem determined the choice of the topic, determined the object, subject, scientific problem, chronological framework, purpose and objectives of this dissertation research.

The object of the study is domestic military museums in the period 1918-1991. The author considers it necessary to note that under military museums only those institutions that were under the jurisdiction of the military department will be considered. Museums of other ministries, which kept, among others, objects of military activity and everyday life (culture, internal affairs, state security, etc.), were not included in the object of study.

The subject of the study is the activity of state and military administration bodies, museum management in the formation and development of a network of military museums, the organization of their cultural and educational work with military personnel in the period under review.

Substantiation of the chronological framework of the study.

The events of October 1917 marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of domestic statehood, which was associated with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, who oriented the country towards building the world's first socialist state. For its armed protection, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on January 15 (28), 1918 adopted a decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), and on January 29 (February 11), 1918 - on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF) . From that moment on, the military museums of the Soviet Republic were focused on working with the military personnel of the Red Army and the Red Army.

On December 8, 1991, the heads of the republics of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus, in an agreement signed by them, announced the termination of the existence of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Along with the collapse of the Soviet Union, its Armed Forces and the military museum network ceased to exist, the activities of which, first of all, were aimed at the education and cultural service of the military personnel of the Soviet army and navy.

The scientific problem of the dissertation research is to comprehensively investigate and summarize the historical experience of the activities of state and military bodies, the museum guide to the formation and development of the network of military museums in the country, the organization of their work on cultural services for military personnel in the period from 1918 to 1991, to identify characteristic features and trends, formulate scientific conclusions, historical lessons and practical recommendations.

The purpose of the work is to carry out a systematic and comprehensive study of the activities of state and military authorities, museum management on the creation and development of a network of military museums, the organization of their cultural and educational work with military personnel in the period under review, to draw scientifically based conclusions, to formulate historical lessons, practical recommendations and trends in the development of military museums in the Russian Federation.

To achieve this goal, the dissertation formulated the following main objectives of the study.

1. Assess the degree of development of the problem and characterize the source base of the study.

2. Determine the role of Soviet military museums in the education of military personnel, taking into account the previous experience of the military museum network of Imperial Russia.

3. To study the activities of state and military administration bodies in creating and improving the legal and organizational foundations of military museums in the period under review.

4. To reveal the work of military museums for the cultural service of the personnel of the army and navy in the period from 1918 to 1991.

5. To analyze the popularizing and publishing work of military museums in the period under study.

6. Make scientifically based conclusions, formulate historical lessons arising from the activities of domestic military museums in 1918-1991, practical recommendations for further study and use of the results of the dissertation research, development trends of military museums in the Russian Federation.

The dissertation proposes the following research concept.

The revolutionary events of October 1917 and the creation in January 1918 of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, and then the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet determined the new content of the activities of military museums and served as the starting point of the Soviet stage in the development of military museums.

During the years of the Civil War and foreign military intervention (1917-1920), the state and military authorities made efforts to preserve the rich historical and cultural heritage stored in military museums, as well as to create a fundamentally new military museum network, which should was to become at the service of education and cultural service of command and rank and file in the spirit of the new ideology.

In the interwar years (1921-June 1941) the foundations of the legal and organizational development of the Soviet military museum network were laid, the tasks and directions of its development were determined. During this period, the material base of the existing military museums was significantly strengthened, and the construction of new ones began. These processes took place under the control of the organs of the party, state and military administration.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 became a test of the strength of the established Soviet military museum network. The experience of military museums in solving the tasks assigned to them confirmed the correctness of the proposition that their role in the educational and cultural-educational work with soldiers of the army and navy was very significant.

The functioning of military museums in the USSR in the postwar years was closely linked to the need to collect and preserve documents and materials showing the greatness of the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the improvement of the legal and organizational structure, the material and technical base, and the construction of new museums.

With the development of the country, the quantitative and qualitative changes in the Soviet Armed Forces, the organs of state and military administration adjusted the tasks of military museums in the field of educating soldiers. The main directions were the education of the personnel of high discipline, the desire to master weapons and military equipment, fidelity to the military oath, respect for their history and the heroic traditions of the Armed Forces.

Late 1980s-early 1990s were marked by turbulent processes that took place in national history. During this period, there were two trends in the development of military museums. On the one hand, the lifting of bans for ideological reasons, publicity, accessibility to previously unknown sources made it possible to expand the exposition complexes of military history museums, “saturate” them with new museum items.

On the other hand, the transition to market economic relations, the lack of proper attention from the state led to the fact that many military museums became unprofitable enterprises. The consequence of this was the deteriorating material fund, the departure of qualified employees, the leasing of their premises to commercial organizations, the transformation of military museums in some cases into warehouses, hostels, etc.

Military museums of the Soviet period carried out active cultural and educational work among military personnel and members of their families. It was aimed at promoting moral and aesthetic education, establishing glorious military traditions in military teams, raising the cultural level, and participating in the organization of full-fledged leisure for military personnel.

The generalized experience of the work of military museums of the Soviet period in the education and cultural services of military personnel can be used in the practice of the modern military museum network.

The structure of the dissertation includes an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and references, and applications.

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "Military museums and their role in cultural and educational work with military personnel"

Chapter Conclusions

In the period from 1918 to 1991, domestic military museums carried out popularizing and publishing work, which to a large extent had an impact on the quality of cultural services for visitors.

Popularizing work focused on those people who had insufficient knowledge about a particular museum and its work. Its main goal was to provide primary information about the museum, its objects and collections and to attract as many visitors as possible to the museum halls. The publishing work, in turn, was aimed at a trained audience, which sought to obtain additional information about the museum and its activities. Its goal was to systematize, expand and deepen knowledge about various aspects of museum activities, exchange experience in museum work.

The first provisions concerning the conduct of popularization and publishing work by military museums were reflected in the legal documents that regulated the activities of the military museum network in the 1920s-1930s.

The work of military museums to popularize their funds and collections in the 1920s-1930s. was quite specific and meaningful. A large place in it was given to the cooperation of museum teams with representatives of the media. This made it possible to expand the possibilities for information support of various activities of museums, cultural events.

Starting from the 1950s-1960s, military museums began to actively use the possibilities of cinema in their promotional work, which involved, firstly, cooperation with the country's central film studios in the production of information and educational products, and, secondly, the creation of these purposes own film studios.

An important event that influenced the expansion of the geography of the popularizing work of military museums was the entry of the USSR into

International Council of Museums (ICOM) in 1957. This made it possible to establish a mutual exchange of experience in this area with their foreign colleagues.

In the second half of the 1980s. changing political4 and socio-economic conditions have made changes in the work of military museums to popularize their objects and collections. This was expressed, on the one hand, in strengthening the technical base for its implementation, acquiring the right for museum groups to independently choose the forms and methods of popularizing work, and, on the other hand, in reducing state funding, which led to a decrease in its effectiveness.

The publishing work of military museums in the period under review was a set of measures for the production of printed materials, which reflected important issues of museum activity. The direction of its development was the transition from the publication of small-circulation literature of one or two types (guidebooks, catalogs) to the publication of literature of large volumes and many types (catalogues, guidebooks, booklets, brochures, own periodicals, etc.).

During its organization in the first years after the October Revolution of 1917, military museums adopted the relevant experience of the military museum network of Imperial Russia.

Despite the fact that the issues of publishing work of military museums were reflected in the legal documents that appeared in the 1920s-1930s, in practice it developed at an insufficient pace. The reasons for this were the weak material and technical base of military museums, the lack of qualified personnel, and the lack of due attention to publishing work on the part of the museum management.

In the 1940s-1960s. there was an increase in the volume of publishing work of military museums, which was associated with the creation of editorial and publishing groups in their states. Their main task was the preparation and release of printed materials corresponding to the profile of the museum and activities. One of the types of printed publications that came out during this period were guides to military museums, which played a big role in educational and cultural work with military personnel.

In the 1950s the largest Soviet military museums began to prepare and publish their own printed periodicals, which became a platform for discussing the most important issues of museum activity. A significant place on the pages of publications was given to the coverage of various aspects of cultural and educational work with visitors.

In the 1970s-1980s. Orders of the USSR Ministry of Defense were issued, which adjusted the goals and objectives of publishing work in accordance with the realities of the time. In addition, major military museums issued a number of internal documents that specified the procedure for preparing and publishing printed materials.

Significant changes in the publishing work of military museums took place in the second half of the 1980s. The weakening of military censorship, the acquisition of high-quality printing equipment and technology, the expansion of the independence of military museums in planning and issuing printed materials should have brought the publishing work of military museums to a qualitatively new level. However, this was prevented by the collapse of the Soviet Union and its military museum network.

Aranovich A.V.,
President of the Regional Public Organization
"St. Petersburg Military Historical Society",
doctor of historical sciences, professor

The origins of military-historical reconstruction in Russia lie in the distant past. You can, for example, recall the large-scale reconstruction of the Battle of Poltava, played out for Catherine the Great, or the knightly carousels organized by Nicholas I. Photographic material from the beginning of the 20th century. shows numerous stories related to the reconstruction of the military historical costumes prepared for the anniversaries of the guards regiments and the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Military-historical reconstruction in the USSR arose at the end of the 1980s independently, but in parallel with a similar process in Europe. It began as a gathering of people passionate about recreating the historical military costume, originally mostly the colorful uniform of the Napoleonic era. According to the memoirs of one of the founders of the movement in Russia, Ph.D. Sciences, Assoc. St. Petersburg State University O.V. Sokolov, it all started in 1976 with a campaign in Koporye in the uniforms of the Napoleonic era. The movement came out of the shadows thanks to the captain of the Airborne Forces Anatoly Novikov, who, having connections in the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, “broke through” the campaign from Moscow to the Berezina, which took place under the leadership of O. V. Sokolov in the summer of 1988. About 80 people participated in it in Russian and French uniforms.

In the late 80s, the history of the First World War and the Civil War became no less popular than the history of the Napoleonic era. Fans of the medieval era united around P.A. Vasin - the founder of the club "Princely team". Soon, lovers of military history of all eras, from the Middle Ages to the Second World War, united in the ranks of the St. Petersburg Military Historical Association.

An integral part of the military-historical reconstruction is the organization and holding of military-historical festivals, both in Russia and abroad. Very often festivals are organized on the territory of culturally significant objects, for example, such as the "Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps". Depending on the era, participants in the "reconstruction" movement try to take part in events held at the sites of historical battles, such as Borodino field, Staraya Ladoga, Vyborg castle, Kulikovo field and many other historical sites, where the defenders of the Fatherland performed a military feat.

Now in St. Petersburg there are numerous military historical clubs and associations dealing with various historical eras - from ancient Rome to the war in Afghanistan. The main goal of these associations is to popularize the glorious military past of our Fatherland, educate the younger generation, and deeply study military history based on applied historical knowledge. Attracting young members of associations to research work prepared many candidates and several doctors of historical sciences.

A great contribution to the study of Russian and Soviet military history of the XX century. introduced such associations as Epochs and Krasnaya Zvezda. An important event was the restoration of the Russian Military Historical Society, headed by the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation V.R. Medinsky.

The activity of military-historical clubs and associations, whose ranks include more than several tens of thousands of people, has great importance for the military-patriotic and historical education young people, involving them both in reconstruction and research work.

An integral part of the military-historical reconstruction is the organization and holding of military-historical festivals, both in Russia and abroad. Depending on the era, participants in the "reenactment" movement try to take part in events held at the sites of historical battles. In Russia, such as Borodino field, Staraya Ladoga, Vyborg castle, Kulikovo field, and many other historical sites - where the defenders of the Fatherland performed a military feat. However, very often festivals are organized on the territory of culturally significant objects, for example, such as the Military History Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps.

Defense in the country depends on the state of the army. It operates solely for defensive purposes. Universal conscription is the main key point in the existence of the army. Russia and all its territory belongs to the number of just such a state. All links in the formation of the army and the defense system as a whole ensure the security of all citizens and the entire country. Ensuring conscription into the ranks of the army is the main task of the military commissariats. Military commissariats are classified as military registration and enlistment offices. The specialists working in this structure are an important link in the entire chain of defense capabilities in the country. It would be wrong if the employees of the military commissariats were not marked in the country. For this reason, one of the approved public holidays is dedicated to them and their work - the holiday of military commissariats and their employees, approved by the Decree.

Another Soviet government dated April 8, 1918. There are many reasons for the adoption of the holiday. The main one is, of course, the formation of the composition of the Red Army. At that time, these were volost, district, governor's military commissariats, which, merging one into one, formed one main district commissariat for military affairs in the country.

Their main task is to prepare young men of draft age to join the army and learn how to conduct compulsory military service. No matter how they call the military commissariats now, and the plenipotentiaries of the army and the military commissars, they all talk about one thing, this is the main soldier's structure, founded to conduct the admission of citizens into the army for military service. After all, it is from here that service begins for each newly called young man. It is here that many military retirees turn for help in difficult times. Here come, with the last hope for help, veterans-front-line soldiers,

Probably, this is the main reason why a holiday dedicated to the employees of the military registration and enlistment office appeared on the calendar, which is celebrated annually on April 8th.

To date, the number of military commissariats has increased significantly. All new offices of military registration and enlistment offices are opening. But at the same time, they all belong to the Ministry of Defense of Russia, through the interaction of the main organizational and mobilization department of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Military commissariats are a network of structures whose main task is to fulfill the defense task of the state. In close cooperation with local executive authorities, the work of military registration and enlistment offices is aimed at developing plans for the implementation of ensuring the mobilization of citizens, transport resources throughout the territory under their jurisdiction. This applies to the military commissariats of district territorial bodies, regional and city. Even in the event of their reorganization, no one cancels the tasks of the country's armed forces. Them the main objective remains unchanged. That is, ensuring reliable protection of citizens, the state and its entire territory. The armed forces must, under any conditions, receive the necessary contingent for conscription for military service.

From this follows a whole range of important tasks. The main ones are the organization and maintenance of strict records, the organization of the draft of citizens, the compilation of a reserve fund for military personnel. And also, fixing the reserve and booking for enterprises. All activities are designed to protect the state and are carried out in the interests of the Armed Forces and military formations in the country.
Now the main goal of the military commissariats is to provide citizens with a decent defense force, and the state to mobilize all the necessary resources to serve in the Russian Armed Forces. In addition, the military registration and enlistment offices are engaged in the selection of candidates for admission to educational institutions related to military service and defense. They exercise control over the passage of service by citizens who have declared to serve under a contract. Also, military registration and enlistment offices take part in the education of young people, instilling patriotism in them, providing and social protection for military personnel in reserve. In general, they are engaged in all vital important issues, in relation to conscripts who have served, military personnel of the reserve and in relation to those who are in the reserve, who have retired.

Almost a hundred years have passed since the military commissariats arose. A lot has changed over the years. The whole history of the development of the Armed Forces of the country is connected with the day of the formation of military registration and enlistment offices. The military registration and enlistment office, as before, make a great contribution to the development of the state's defense capability. No matter how times change, the defense of the country has always remained the most important task, in which one of the main places is occupied by the military registration and enlistment offices.

History of military commissariats

The history of military registration and enlistment offices begins a long time ago. It takes a long period of time, from the time of the formation of the Soviet Union to the present day.

But, and if you drop even deeper, then we can say with confidence that the first draft board appeared during the reign of Peter the Great. It was during his reign that the first regular troops were created. At that time, this option was not taken seriously. The emergence of a regular army was called more amusing troops than the defense of the country. It was 1687, many years had passed before the emergence of the real Armed Forces. First, in 1699, Russia introduced the so-called recruit troops, which were finally approved only in 1705. From that moment on, the development of defense, the emergence of regular troops began to develop, which was the reason that already in 1716 Peter the Great created the first decree on a regular army in the history of Russia. And after 4 years, by the end of 1720, the decree of Peter the Great was supplemented, also by decrees, in relation to the naval troops, which was named just like that, the naval decree of the regular army of Peter the Great.
At that moment, history remembers that war is only a matter of aristocrats. But after some time, nobles, merchants, paying citizens and members of the clergy were released from urgent compulsory service. In this regard, only philistines and peasants were called up to the army. At the same time, the term of service in the army was, no less, only 25 years.

Since then, the army has undergone systematic changes and reforms. The first reform of the army took place in 1874. The founder, which he became - D.A. Milyutin. He introduced universal military service, which extended to the entire male population in the state. At that time, and the word recruit was replaced by, rookie. It was at that moment that it became necessary to create bodies that would deal with issues related to the staffing of the army. First, military presences were formed, that is, the predecessors of the current military registration and enlistment offices.
In Soviet times, military service was voluntary. But, with the advent civil war, it became clear that the country could not do without a mandatory army. Since then, military service has remained mandatory for men of a certain age. Military presences were replaced by military commissariats. Their role was considered the most significant. They were engaged not only in providing the army with personnel, but also trained the mobilized, bringing them to full readiness for service for the good of the Motherland.

After the end of the war, military obedience became mandatory for every male citizen. Conscription was approved by law. One law was adopted for all - the mandatory conscription of young men at the age of 18. At the same time, the term of service in the army was 2-3 years. This is stated in the presidential decree of the Russian Armed Forces dated May 7, 1992. A year later, the main decree of the President of the country was changed. Citizens of the male contingent aged from 18 to 278 years old can be called up for military service in the army. This means that if a young man cannot repay his debt to the Motherland in the ranks of the army at 18, then he will always have time to do this before the age of 27. At the same time, almost 15 years, the service life was set at 2 years, but due to the reduction since 2008, it was already only 12 months.

Innovations came out only by the year 2002, when a mandatory period of service in the army was set at 18-21 months. And quite recently, a military reform was again carried out in the defense field. It is associated with mass layoffs to the reserve of employees of military registration and enlistment offices, who no longer wear military uniform and are ordinary citizens of Russia, even despite the fact that there is military service, which involves serving not only in wartime, but also in peacetime.

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Mukhamadeev Marat Masgutovich. Socio-pedagogical foundations of the activities of military commissariats to improve the pre-conscription training of youth: Dis. ... cand. ped. Sciences: 13.00.01: Moscow, 1997 231 p. RSL OD, 61:98-13/354-X

Introduction

Chapter I

1. Historical and pedagogical analysis of the problem of formation and development of the system of organization and functioning of pre-conscription training of youth 14-35

2. The essence, content and features of the activities of military commissariats for the preparation of pre-conscripts for military service 36-50

3. Analysis of the practice of the activities of local military authorities in the pre-conscription training of future soldiers of the army and navy 51-66

Chapter II. Pilot-experimental study of the process of activity of military commissariats, to improve the pre-conscription training of youth

1. Tasks and methodology of experimental work... 67-78

2. Substantiation of the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of building a system of pre-conscription training of young men in military registration and enlistment offices ..79-91

3. Analysis of the dynamics and results of experimental work 92-113

Chapter III. The main activities of the military commissariats to improve the pre-conscription training of youth

1. Optimization of the military professional orientation of youth 114-128

2. Strengthening the professional and pedagogical orientation of the training of officials of local military authorities to work with pre-conscripts 129-141

3. Development of cooperation of military commissariats with state and public organizations for pre-conscription training of future soldiers 142-153

Conclusion 154-161

References 162-175

Applications

Introduction to work

Relevance of the problem. At all stages of the formation and development of the Russian state, the defense of the Fatherland has been and remains the sacred duty of all the people 1 . The most important condition for maintaining the Armed Forces of Russia in a state of defense readiness in modern conditions is the effective and high-quality preparation of young people for military service.

At present, in the Russian Federation, the need to improve the pre-conscription training of young people (hereinafter PDM) for the defense of the Motherland, which is carried out mainly by military commissariats (hereinafter VC), is due to a number of factors.

First, the causes of wars and military conflicts persist in the world. Under these conditions, comprehensive training younger generation to defend their Fatherland remains an important factor strengthening the country's defense capability.

Secondly, with a significant reduction in the Armed Forces and a reduction in military spending, the transition to contract system service, there is an urgent need to prepare a well-trained reserve, ready to conduct combat operations without being in the ranks of the army and navy.

Thirdly, the increasing role of pre-conscription training of future defenders of the Motherland is largely determined by the influence of scientific and technological progress on the development of military affairs, which makes high demands on the military and technical training of soldiers. Military labor in modern conditions has become more differentiated. So, for example, if by the beginning of the First World War there were 15-20 basic military specialties, during the Second World War - J.60, now there are more than 2 thousand military-technical specialties in the armies, many of which involve

1 See: Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly // Ros. Gas. - 1 997. - 7 March

serious preparation.

Fourthly, the analysis of the work practice of the military commissariats of Russia and other CIS countries showed that skillful and purposeful work to educate young patriots who defend the Motherland contributes to uniting the entire population for the joint defense of the common home. It significantly reduces stress in interethnic relations should become a factor in the unity of the army and the people.

Fifth, the changed moral foundations of society give rise to legal nihilism, political naivety, consumer psychology and pacifist sentiments of most adolescents.

Today at public consciousness of our compatriots, and especially young people, manifestations of spiritual and moral emptiness are intensifying. subjected to deep erosion traditional values folk life, national history and culture. To a large extent, the ideas of patriotism have also lost their role, without which the revival of the Fatherland is impossible. The study showed that every second of the respondents considers such concepts as patriotism, honor, military duty to be a thing of the past and meaningless. Over 35% of young people declared their readiness to leave Russia, and about 70% - about the senselessness of military service.

Sixth, schxhanation of the program of initial military training (hereinafter referred to as CMP) in general education school: curtailment of social support for patriotic associations; oblivion of mass youth military-patriotic games and actions; definancing of DOSAAF (now ROSTO), youth military-patriotic publications, television and radio programs.

All this does not contribute to the formation in young people of the desire to prepare themselves for the defense of the Fatherland, gives rise to numerous deviations from

b in active service, only in the fall of last year, about 37 thousand people were in the category of "evaders" 1 .

Seventh, an analysis of the work practice of military commissariats 2 shows that, being the coordinating body for preparing young people for military service, they experience not only objective difficulties, but also show insufficient professional training for its "carrying out. During the study, it was revealed that a significant part of the VC employees have low professional and pedagogical knowledge, skills and abilities to work with the pre-conscription contingent. Based on the results of surveys of VC officers 67% noted an insufficient level of developed skills in themselves and subordinates in working with pre-conscription youth.

The level of development of the scientific task has shown that significant research work has been carried out on the problems of the PDM for the army service. So, for example, social-pedagogical and organizational-pedagogical problems of preparing young people for military service are reflected in N.P. Aksenova, I.Ya. Gnatko, T.A. Dvuzhilova, S.S. Kotsevich, N.Ya. Mironova, N.A. Nizhneva, V.V. Tretyakova, B.C. Wonderful. The historical and pedagogical aspect was studied in the dissertations of V.L. Balobonova, N.F. Gudchenko, SV. Kalinina, I.A. Peshkov, E.V. Piulsky, A.V. Sannikov.

In the dissertations of A.A. Aronov, V.V. Artemenko, M. Annakulova, A.N. Vyrshchikova, H.L. Hristov, the ways and conditions of military-patriotic education in the process of studying the NVP and the basics of sciences by students are investigated. V.G. Zhdanov, A.M. Lolua, N.I. Khromov, S.F. Shakarov made attempts to analyze the didactic and methodological problems of the NWP.

Some aspects of the formation of students' readiness for military service are considered in the works of V.N. Loskutova, V.I. Lutovinova, G.T. Sivakova,

2 The study was conducted in 1. republican, 2 regional, 7 city and district military

commissariats.

A.A. Kuntsman, N.A. Shangina and others. Zueva, V.V. Konstantinova, P.D. Lukashova.

Of considerable scientific and practical interest are the doctoral dissertations of N.A. Belousova, A.R. Zhurmakanova, L.Ablika, A.Volkova, N.M. Konzhieva, M.A. Terentei, V.F. Farfarovsky, H.G. Fatalieva, T.M. Shashlo. In them, along with topical issues of the theory and history of military-patriotic education, pedagogical issues of preparing young people for military service are analyzed.

However, in the monographic and dissertation works of the theoretical and methodological plan of special studies devoted to the pedagogical justification for improving the activities of military commissariats in preparing pre-conscription youth for military service in the changed socio-economic and political conditions, No.

The relevance of the problem, its practical and theoretical significance, as well as the lack of development in military pedagogy led to its choice as a dissertation research.

Object of study is the activity of military commissariats for the preparation of pre-conscripts for military service, and subject- socio-pedagogical foundations for its improvement in modern conditions.

Purpose of the study- clarify the theoretical foundations, substantiate and experimentally test the main directions for increasing the effectiveness of the military commissariats in preparing young people for service in the Russian Armed Forces.

In accordance with the purpose of the dissertation, the following tasks were solved: 1. To clarify the idea of ​​the essence and content of the social and pedagogical activities of military commissariats in preparation for military service.

2. To develop and experimentally test a comprehensive-targeted program of social and pedagogical activities of military commissariats to improve the preparation of young people for active service in the ranks of the RF Armed Forces.

3. To substantiate the main socio-pedagogical directions for a qualitative increase in the level of preparation of pre-conscription youth for military service by the forces and means of military commissariats.

4. Develop and substantiate scientific and methodological recommendations for the practical activities of military commissariats to optimize the military-patriotic education of the younger generation.

As working hypothesis it was suggested that in the context of a radical reform of the Armed Forces, changes in the qualitative characteristics of equipment and personnel, there is an objective need to increase the effectiveness of pre-conscription training for young people. But a significant part of the youth does not show interest in military service, its prestige is falling; the activity of certain mass media has a pronounced anti-army orientation; the quality of work of military commissariats, state and public organizations for the pre-conscription training of future soldiers has been reduced.

It is possible to overcome these contradictions and improve the quality of preparing young people for military service if the activities of military commissariats, as the main link in the socio-pedagogical institutions of pre-conscription training, are carried out comprehensively and create the necessary conditions for their creative socio-pedagogical activity, which implies the optimization of the military professional orientation of young people; strengthening the professional and pedagogical orientation of the training of officials of local military authorities (hereinafter referred to as the LOMA) to work with pre-conscripts; development of cooperation between military commissariats with the state

state and public organizations but pre-conscription training of future soldiers.

Met odologists basis research is the following provisions: the concept of the unity of the formation of consciousness, personality and activity; scientific patterns that reveal the unity of theory and practice in vocational training, about the comprehensive study of the age, socio-psychological and other characteristics of young people in the process of working with them, about the transformation of acquired knowledge into convictions, etc.

The study was carried out taking into account the content of policy documents on reforming the Armed Forces and updating the pre-conscription training of young people; modern requirements for the professional training of military personnel; scientific organization of labor VK.

In his work, the dissertation was based on the principles of scientificity and objectivity, concreteness and abstractness, historical and logical, induction and deduction, comparison and evaluation of pedagogical phenomena of the past and present.

The study was based on theoretical principles developed in the works of domestic teachers and psychologists of the PC. Anokhin, A.A. Aronova, Yu.K. Babansky, AJB. Barabanshchikova, LABblika, V.I. Vdovyuka, D.I. Vodzinsky, I.F. Vydrina, V.N. Gerasimov, P.N. Gorodova, V.P. Davydova, M.A. Danilova, M.I. Dyachenko, B.P. Esipova, L.F. Zheleznyak, L.V. Zankova, I.A. Kamkova, L.A. Kandybovich, N.I. Kiryashova, N.M. Konzhieva, F.F. Koroleva, N.S. Kravchun, K.A. Kulinkovich, I.D. Ladanova, A.N. Leontiev, I.A. Lipsky, M.U. Piskunova, K.K. Platonov, A.T. Rostunova, M.N. Skatkina, VA Slastenina, V.Ya. Slepova, A.M. Stolyarenko, V.V. Tretyakova, V.F. Farfarovsky, N.F. Fedenko, I.F. Kharlamova, T.M. Shashlo, G.I. Schukina, V.T. Yusova and others.

The personal-social-activity concept of education developed at the Department of Pedagogy of the Military University was the basis for conducting experimental work, substantiating the main directions of the effective activity of military commissariats in pre-conscription training of young people. The study was carried out in the military commissariats of the years. Moscow, Zelenograd, Republic of Tatarstan. In addition, research material was obtained from formations and units of the Moscow and Volga military districts.

All work was carried out in several interrelated stages using an integrated methodology.

The first stage (1992 - 1994) was devoted to the theoretical understanding literary sources and normative documents on the problem under study, as well as the study of the real process of pre-conscription training of young people for the army in military commissariats. This allowed the author to determine the main idea and intent of the dissertation, formulate the target setting and objectives, develop a hypothesis, work plan and research methodology. At this stage, there was theoretical analysis literary sources, methods of participant observation, conversations, interviews, analysis of documents and results of activities, questionnaires, the practical experience of the VK in pre-conscription training of young people was studied.

Second phase(1994 - 1995) included testing the hypothesis, preliminary conclusions and recommendations of the dissertation in the process of experimental work. In parallel, the advanced experience of the activities of military commissariats and military-patriotic education was studied, new sources on the problem under study were analyzed. The results obtained were actively implemented in practice. At this stage, methods were used: observation, conversations, analysis of the results of activities,

11 ascertaining and forming experiments, generalization of independent characteristics, expert evaluation, etc.

Third stage(1995 - 1996) is associated with the theoretical generalization of materials obtained in the course of experimental work, the introduction of conclusions and recommendations into the practice of military commissariats, and the literary design of the dissertation. During this stage, methods of generalization, systematization, mathematical processing of results, and theoretical analysis were used.

Overall volume work done.

In the course of the study, more than 250 literary sources on the problem and related to it, about 100 regulatory documents were studied and analyzed. A comprehensive study of the activities of 10 military commissariats of various levels was carried out. More than 100 employees of the VK, more than 300 conscripts and more than 400 pre-conscripts were interviewed in conversations, interviews, questionnaires.

Scientific novelty of the conducted research consists in the fact that it analyzes the current state of the practice of the work of the VC on the pre-conscription training of young people; clarified ideas about the socio-pedagogical foundations of the essence, content and features of the events; a comprehensive program was developed and experimentally tested, the main ways to increase the effectiveness of preparing young people for service in the Armed Forces with the forces and means of the VC; substantiated and tested practical recommendations various categories officials to optimize the patriotic education of pre-conscription youth.

Taken for defense:

I. Understanding the essence of the activities of the military commissariats for the pre-conscription training of young people for military service in its content and dynamic characteristics.

2. Developed and tested in the course of an experimental experimental

of work is a system for evaluating the effectiveness of the activities of military commissariats in pre-conscription training of young people for military service, including procedural, propaedeutic and performance criteria and their indicators.

3. Developed and experimentally tested integrated
program, main directions and socio-pedagogical conditions
improving the activities of military commissariats for pre-conscription
youth training: optimization of military professional orientation
youth; strengthening professional and pedagogical orientation
training officials of military commissariats to work with
pre-conscripts; development of cooperation between military commissariats and
state and public organizations for pre-conscription
training future warriors.

Practical significance The study is determined by the use of its results in the activities of military commissariats for pre-conscription training of young people, in improving the patriotic education of future soldiers, and improving the pedagogical skills of employees of military commissariats.

Theoretical and methodical material dissertations are used in the development of self-education programs for VC workers, leaders of mass defense organizations. The dissertation machchyaeials can also be used in the classroom in pedagogy and psychology with the officers of the faculties and courses of retraining and advanced training, in the classroom for public and state training.

The reliability and validity of the conclusions and scientific results is ensured by the implementation of the personal-social-active concept of education, a system of various methods that is adequate to the goals and objectives

research, using the apparatus of mathematical statistics, a comprehensive analysis of the results of experimental work and confirmed by the practice of military commissariats, which is documented.

Approbation of the research results was carried out throughout the entire period of the study and in the course of a pedagogical experiment conducted in a number of republican, regional, city and district military commissariats. The conclusions and recommendations of the study were used in the formation of the concepts of patriotic education of youth, carried out on the instructions of the Main Directorate of Educational Work of the Ministry of Defense RF. The results of the study were tested in the course of classes with students of the psychological faculty of the Military University, as well as in classes on public and state training with employees of the VC; were discussed at meetings of the Department of Pedagogy and the Subject-Methodological Commission on Social Pedagogy of the Military University, as well as during methodological meetings with employees of military registration and enlistment offices in the years. Moscow and Kazan.

The idea of ​​the study, its purpose and objectives determined the structure and
the content of the dissertation, which consists of an introduction, three chapters (I -

Theoretical and methodological foundations of the activities of military commissariats for the pre-conscription training of young people for service in Armed Forces Russian Federation; II - Experimental study of the process of improving the activities of military commissariats in work with pre-conscription youth; ІЇІ - The main activities of the military commissariats to improve the pre-conscription training of youth), conclusions, list of references and applications.

Historical and pedagogical analysis of the problem of formation and development of the system of organization and functioning of pre-conscription training of youth

The existing system of preparing pre-conscription youth for military service cannot be understood and analyzed without considering its development, that is, historically.

Such an analysis, from our point of view, should be started from the moment a regular army was created in Russia. This can be used to draw an analogy of the correspondence between the systems for preparing young people for military service from the time of Peter the Great to our times, and to compare the initial pedagogical attitudes in the organization this process.

Peter 1, having abolished the archery regiments (1698), based the recruitment of the army on the compulsory service of the nobility and on the collection of subordinate people, who were called recruits from 1705. The nature of military service has changed: before, almost the entire army was settled and gathered only in war time and in short training sessions; now it has become permanent.

It is an established fact that in the fate of Peter 1, the “amusing troops” played a great role. The history of the creation of these troops is known. At the beginning of 1863, Peter's childhood comrades were placed in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow, where, together with the young tsar, they were engaged in war games, called amusing ones.

The idea of ​​amusing, considers the historian A.M. Nazarov, this is the preparation of the people for what they need in the war. The goal is to train warriors for whom the “soldier” would be a hated bondage, but a cutting workshop, in which they would acquire the monotonous facets of that crystal that shone with amazing brilliance in the hands of the victorious2.

The program for the implementation of this goal included: 1) development physical strength and dexterity of children aged 9-12 through outdoor games and gymnastic exercises; 2) the development of courage and enterprise in children by introducing a certain amount of danger and risk into games. For this, climbing along cliffs, ravines, crossing over unsteady bridges, logs, playing robbers were used. During this game, the “amusing” will imperceptibly comprehend the guard service, intelligence, experience will reach the consciousness that “reason and art win more than the multitude”; 3) learning to wield weapons, not only gun techniques, but also the ability to shoot and stab; 4) familiarization of "amusing" with military equipment and learning to use it; 5) development of discipline, sense of honor and camaraderie; 6) knowledge of the fatherland and understanding of its historical tasks by familiarizing the "amusing" with the brightest and most gloomy pages of our history, as well as with the forces and aspirations of the most dangerous neighbors; 7) the development of love for the sovereign and the fatherland, 8) the instillation of "amusing" love for the army.

Such was the program that Peter I implemented step by step and which testifies to the beginning of the creation of a system of preparation for military service. The decision to establish a gentry cadet corps was aimed at improving this system, the opening of which followed on February 17, 17321. Along with general education, young people studying in the corps also received an elementary military education, which allows them to perform military service duties.

Direct training of draft contingents in pre-revolutionary Russia engaged in military presence - institutions for serving military service2.

Military presences were formed: in each province and region (with the exception of the regions of the Don, Kuban, Terek and Ural troops). They included: the governor (chairman), the vice-governor, the provincial marshal of the nobility, the chairman of the provincial zemstvo council, one member of this council, the county military commander or a person replacing him and the prosecutor of the district court or his comrade.

In each county or district there is a county or district presence for military service, chaired by the county marshal of the nobility. It consisted of members: the district military commander or the person replacing him, the district police officer and a member of the zemstvo council. During the action of the presence at the places of conscription, its composition was supplemented by one of the inhabitants of the conscription site, elected by the county zemstvo assembly for 3 years.

The provincial or regional presence was entrusted with: 1) general supervision over the entire province or region over the correct course of conscription and admission of those subject to military service; 2) the layout of the number of recruits assigned to the province or region between the recruiting stations; 3) re-examination of persons subject to military service; 4) consideration of complaints against county, district and city offices.

County, district and city presences: 1) compiled and repeated private draft lists; 2) made the call itself; 3) determined the rights of each conscript; 4) determine which of those called up and in what order is appointed to the service; 5) carried out an examination of persons to be appointed to the service; 6) accepted new recruits.

In the "Charter on military service (1874)" it is noted that the conscription is carried out by county and city conscription presences, whose actions are as follows:

1) determine, by appearance, the age of persons for whom it is documented unknown; 2) the list of conscripts is read, indicating which benefit is assigned to whom (the deadline for applying for the right to a benefit is at this reading); 3) conscripts are called to draw lots; 4) examination of their health is carried out; 5) physically fit, depending on the lot number and the right to a benefit, are accepted for service or enlisted in the militia of the Ї-th category; physically, the weak receive a reprieve or are enlisted in the warriors of the 2nd category; those unable to bear arms are permanently exempted from service; 6) the list is read by those accepted for service and these persons are sworn in1.

As we can see, the military presences, directly responsible for the performance of military service by the population, did not perform the specific function of preparing all young people for military service.

This work was mainly reduced to the education of the officer corps in cadet schools. Although by the beginning of the 20th century there were public organizations dealing with the problem of pre-conscription training of youth2.

Further development of the system of preparing young people for military service is associated with the post-October period!.9!. 7 years old The Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee “On Compulsory Training in the Art of War” dated April 22, 1918 was sent to this end. The decree obliged workers aged 18-40 to undergo a 96-hour military training program on the job. It established compulsory preparatory military education for schoolchildren aged 16-18. The Vseobuch program provided for training in the actions of a single fighter. In April 1919, the 1st All-Russian Congress on Physical Culture, Sports and Pre-Conscription Training approved the "Regulations on pre-conscription military training of youth."

The essence, content and features of the activities of military commissariats for the preparation of pre-conscripts for military service

Preparation for military service is one of the main directions of the military-patriotic education of the working people, and above all of the rising generation of the country. This place is determined by its leading role in shaping the moral-political, psychological, combat, physical and other qualities of the personality of future soldiers, their initial military knowledge, skills and abilities.

Pre-conscription training of young people is carried out within the framework of a specific system that has a complex structure. The subjects of the system are military commissariats, teachers and instructors of ROSTO educational organizations, OEJ methodologists, teaching staff and public organizations educational institutions, patronage military units, committees of soldiers' mothers, teenage associations, cultural and art bodies, the media, labor collectives, army veterans, families of conscripts. The object of training is pre-conscription and draft (student and working) youth. This time early youth, active civic development, formation of beliefs, moral and other qualities of a person, limited life experience, manifestation and overcoming of difficult internal contradictions and difficulties.

In the pedagogical literature, the problem of the essence of the system of preparing young people for military service has been repeatedly raised.

So B.C. Chudny understands it as the totality of the content, forms and methods of organizing the cognitive and practical activities of young people aimed at comprehensive preparation for the fulfillment of the Fatherland. "Close to this position is N.M. Konzhiev, who proposes to clarify the concept of the system to go not from attempts to draw up comprehensive formulations but from highlighting its essential features inherent in the real process of educational work.2 N.A. Belousov in his doctoral dissertation concludes that the preparation of young people for military service is a socio-pedagogical system and a socially significant, bilaterally active, multifaceted and complex process.

A.A. Aronov complements the understanding of the essence of preparing young people for military service by disclosing the functions of the training system, among which he singles out: educational (formation of the value orientations of a patriot-internationalist citizen); didactic (formation of military-applied knowledge, skills and abilities), developing (formation of psycho physical qualities personalities necessary for a soldier to perform combat missions)4.

Based on the approaches of specialists to the problem of the essence of preparing young people for military service, we consider it necessary to emphasize the following: The essence of preparing young people for service in the ranks of the T*F Armed Forces can be determined based on the dialectic and interconnection of the philosophical categories of the part and the whole.

On the one hand, the preparation of young people for military service is one of the components of the socio-pedagogical process of purposeful and systematic influence (influence) on pre-conscription youth in the conditions of the PDM institutions. On the other hand, it acts as a priority direction of the military-patriotic education of the younger generation.

Because of this, the nature and direction of training must be constantly determined by objective requirements, determined in turn by the specific features of each type. social activities, including the military. These are: a direct multifaceted connection with state interests, the fulfillment of a social order; the specificity of the goals, objectives and content of the CSA in the VC; special tension and dynamism of the socio-pedagogical process in the system of LEVA; special regulation of the relationship between the participants in this process; specificity of objects and subjects of pre-army training; the specificity of the role and significance of unity of command in legal basis. The totality of these requirements forms the basis for activities to shape the readiness of young people to fulfill their constitutional duty in the ranks of the RF Armed Forces. (See diagram No. I)

Naturally, the training should have all the necessary conditions for the implementation of such requirements, which is achievable only by combining and coordinating the efforts of the most diverse state and public bodies and organizations. At the same time, military commissariats act as an organizing and coordinating body that provides targeted work to prepare young people for service in the army and navy.

Based on these judgments, it seems possible to define the preparation of young people for military service as a multifaceted, coordinated, systematic and purposeful activity of state and public bodies and organizations to ensure the comprehensive readiness of the younger generation to implement the function of protection in any sphere of society, including in the ranks of the Armed Forces. Force. It is a long, continuous, complex and intense process of a complex nature, based on the unity of goals, objectives, principles, forms, methods and means implemented in the interaction of all the links involved in it.

Based on the foregoing, the essence of the activity of military commissariats for pre-conscription training of young people can be defined as a system of socio-economic, psychological, pedagogical, medical and organizational measures carried out by military commissariats and aimed at shaping the readiness of young people for the conscious and conscientious fulfillment of the duties of military labor.

The purpose of the activities of military commissariats for pre-conscription training of young people is to form readiness for military service1.

This goal is specified in a number of interrelated tasks. According to the study, these include:

First of all, the education of future soldiers of patriotism and internationalism, responsibility for the performance of military duty, military regulations of behavior, a sense of collectivism;

Secondly, instilling in pre-conscripts initial military knowledge, skills and abilities;

Third, mental and physical development conscripts in accordance with the requirements of the upcoming military service;

Fourthly, the psychological hardening of young people, the development of internal readiness, emotional and volitional stability and other necessary psychological qualities necessary for a future warrior;

Fifth, coordination of the activities of parents of pre-conscripts, the public, local authorities and representatives military units and institutions for organizational, socio-pedagogical, legal and medical support of conscription.

The regular dependencies identified during the study1 made it possible to substantiate and experimentally verify the fundamental provisions that determine the effective preparation of young people for military service, to formulate principles that objectively reflect them.

These include: purposefulness, a scientific approach to the process of pre-conscription training of young people, the connection between theoretical and practical training of young people for military service; military-professional orientation of pre-conscription training; systematic, consistent and comprehensive pre-conscription training; taking into account the age-related and individual psychological characteristics of pre-conscription youth. Let's consider them in more detail.

Substantiation of the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of building a system of pre-conscription training of young men in military registration and enlistment offices

Among the most important and complex issues of experimental work is the development and testing of criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the studied pedagogical phenomenon. The process of searching and testing the system of criteria in practice was carried out in three stages and included;

1. Analysis of existing approaches to understanding the essence of the criteria for assessing the development of pedagogical phenomena.

2. Studying the experience of developing criteria by researchers dealing with the problem of the content and functioning of military-patriotic education.

3. Identification of criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the activities of the VC on DIM, their systematization and verification of the possibility of applying in practice.

The study of literary sources in all areas of preparing young people for the defense of the Motherland shows that the criteria stemmed from the requirements of life itself, reflected in specific documents.

For example, in terms of moral and political preparation, they were due to the general provisions of the communist ideology "recorded in the decisions communist party on ideological and defense issues.

The criteria for military training of boys and girls were laid down in the programs for initial military training1, introduced in accordance with the USSR law "On universal military duty" of 1967, as well as in military training programs in higher educational institutions, the requirements of general military regulations. The changes that took place in military affairs, the specifics of specific military specialties, which were trained by conscripts, left their mark on military training.

The physical readiness of young people to defend the country was determined by the standards, the GZR and TRP complexes, and the physical education curricula in various educational institutions.

An analysis of the psychological and pedagogical literature shows that many authors single out systemic and functional criteria for the readiness of young people to serve in the army and navy, as well as levels of readiness.

The researchers refer to the system criteria: understanding the essence of the confrontation between the two social systems, the threat of war that comes from imperialism; a deep, firm conviction in the need to defend the socialist system in every possible way; conscious, systematic self-preparation for an armed rebuff to any encroachment of the aggressor on the security of the country; the ability to strictly comply with military regulations and orders of commanders, to internally perceive them as the command of the Motherland; practical, internally conscious experience of military-patriotic activity in its various forms; readiness for heroic actions and deeds in extreme conditions.

In contrast to systemic, functional criteria, which were also heterogeneous but their significance, were subdivided into several C>V^n. In their totality, in interconnection and unity, they ensured the manifestation of the above systemic signs of readiness to defend the Motherland. The first such group included the criteria of moral and political readiness, which included:

1. Deep knowledge of the doctrine of the defense of the Fatherland;

2. Conviction in the correctness of the internal and foreign policy states; moral stability;

3. Awareness of the reasons for the aggravation of the international situation, the threat of a new world war; 4. Confidence in the power of the Armed Forces;

5. Conviction in the economic, political, cultural, moral superiority of the Motherland over other countries;

6. Emotional perception of the revolutionary, military and labor traditions of the people "the presence of a generalized ideal of the defender of the Motherland, which regulates the youth's self-support to fulfill civil and military duty to the Motherland;

7. The presence of social feelings - duty, patriotism, hatred of enemies, personal responsibility for protecting the country, high vigilance1 *

A separate group consisted of criteria for psychological readiness. The main ones were: 1. High development of mental and volitional properties, emotional and socio-psychological qualities; 2. Knowledge of the nature of nuclear war, the strength of new weapons, the effectiveness of various means of possible protection against their damaging factors, the presentation of the difficulties and trials that can be encountered in a real combat situation; 3. Adaptation to the conditions of military activity and the combat team, the accumulation of psychological experience of appropriate behavior in the conditions of military activity; 4. The ability to control one's behavior, suppress or block some feelings (fear, panic, confusion, etc.) and strengthen others (feelings of love for the Motherland, duty, hatred of enemies); overcoming moral, volitional and physical stress; the possibility of transferring mental qualities from one type of activity to another.

A large group was formed by the criteria for military training, which completely depended on the level of development of military science, military equipment and weapons. They included: I. Knowledge of the essence of scientific and technological revolution and its influence on military affairs; 2. The level of knowledge, skills and abilities in basic military training, civil defense; 3. Knowledge of aircraft construction; 4. The presence of interest in technology and weapons, firm confidence in their high reliability, military-technical skills and abilities necessary for the successful mastery of a particular military specialty; 5. The possibility of transferring this knowledge, skills and abilities to other types of military activity; 6. Experience in a specific military applied field; 7. The ability to concentrate as much as possible on solving the problems of the combat use of military equipment and weapons; 8. Ability to transfer general technical skills and abilities in a situation of military-technical activity.

Of great importance for determining the readiness of young people to defend the Fatherland were the criteria for physical fitness. Among them stood out: 1. The development of general physical qualities - strength, speed, agility and endurance associated with the performance of functions to protect the Motherland; 2. The presence of special physical qualities - resistance to motion sickness, mountain sickness, actions in hot climates and limited drinking regime, hyperventilation, actions in special equipment, etc.

Optimization of the military-professional orientation of youth

Based on the practice of the activities of military commissariats for pre-conscription training of young people, the modern requirements of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in this area and specially conducted experimental work, the main directions for improving this process are determined: optimization of the military-professional orientation of young people; strengthening the professional and pedagogical orientation of training officials of military commissariats to work with pre-conscription youth; development of cooperation between military registration and enlistment offices with state bodies and public organizations for pre-conscription training of youth.

I. Optimization of the military professional orientation of youth. The study of approaches to the definition of criteria and methods for optimizing the process of educating and training young recruits showed that different authors understand the optimization procedure itself in different ways. in the most appropriate presentation educational material all sides scientific knowledge(cognitive, mental, activity); ensuring the most complete correspondence of the logical and didactic structure to the didactic possibilities presented modern methods developmental education; creation of prerequisites for reflecting in the structure the level of didactic readiness of real real subjects of educational activity and subsequent flexible response to changes in this level in order to achieve a socially necessary level of effectiveness of teaching in this subject1. Thus, the correspondence of optimality to only certain elements of the subject is determined and the functioning of the entire system is not considered.

A.M. Matkshkin considers the optimization of the learning process only as a selection of conditions that provide the most complete and fast decision cognitive tasks faced by the student in learning. Although it is quite obvious that the recommended activities can only be separate components of the educational process. SI. Arkhangelsky considers optimization as a factor that determines the content and range of tasks of a scientific organization educational process, i.e. considers optimization not as an independent process, but only as a certain qualitative characteristic final results of solving three interrelated problems: building an optimal system and all its elements; establishing optimal ways of its functioning and development; choice of smart methods of its evaluation, regulation and management2.

According to Yu.K. Babansky optimization of this process involves the implementation of such a system of measures to improve it, in which the maximum learning outcomes with the minimum time and effort necessary for specific conditions3. Thus, the author confines himself to optimizing the system of measures taken in relation to the pedagogical process.

The dissertation student, taking into account the existing approaches to the process of optimizing pedagogical activity and isolating their rational core, in the process of experimental research considered the problem as optimizing the content of military professional orientation, understanding by this, firstly, a clear establishment of the structural elements that form the indicated direction of the DPM ( as a system reflected in the practical activities of military registration and enlistment offices); secondly, the application of optimiaddy1 procedures to each of these structural elements; thirdly, the establishment and maintenance in an optimal state of connections and relations between the subsystems of the pre-conscription training of future soldiers in accordance with the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of its construction (see: chapter K, $ 2) and functioning in the structures of the MOVA.

As the study showed, military-professional orientation is a system of socio-economic, psychological-pedagogical, medical and organizational measures of military commissariats, which are an integral part of the pre-conscription training of young people, their military-patriotic education and aimed at forming the young generation's readiness for the conscious implementation of constitutional duties for the protection of the Fatherland and a reasonable choice of the military profession in accordance with their desires, inclinations and abilities, and taking into account the existing social needs for specialists in various fields of military labor.

The experience of the military commissariats, the results of the research show that the optimization of the military-professional orientation of pre-conscription youth consists in:

Adequate reflection of goals in the content of its components;

Determining the didactic readiness of the subjects of the PDM for the implementation of the planned, planned concrete practice;

Selection and optimal combination of types of educational - cognitive activity, means and methods of work of VC employees; establishing the most preferred forms and methods of organizing career guidance events;

Rational use of temporary and other reserves; analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the career guidance process for pre-conscripts and the correction on this basis of all elements of the CSA system in order to achieve the optimal result.

The study of the work practice of military registration and enlistment office employees, the analysis of the reporting documents of the organization of conscription show that, despite the great importance of the military professional orientation of young people, the need for its "optimization", this is an important link in the system of pre-conscription training of young replenishment of the army and navy is not carried out actively enough, systematically and G- Tedenapravlechmo, without vv^ra modern requirements.

So, for example, only 15% of the interviewed VC employees pay due attention to this problem, the majority (65-70%) work in this direction occasionally, a) 0-). career guidance measures, believing that this is the responsibility of schools, educational institutions, the recruits themselves and their parents.

Experimental work revealed a number of reasons that affect the content and optimization of the military professional orientation of young people: ignorance of military enlistment office officials of the basics of the scientific organization of this work; the lack of proper distribution of forces, means and capabilities of the military teams of the VC, mainly shifting all responsibility only to the employees of the conscription departments; the inability of most RVC leaders to build their work in cooperation with other social and pedagogical institutions, the public, the media and culture; formalism, and sometimes departmental bureaucracy of military commissars, hiding behind "a wave of current problems."

This analysis shows that the optimization of military professional orientation requires a comprehensive solution and depends on the rational use of all its aspects in the practical activities of military registration and enlistment offices.

As the results of the study confirmed, the effectiveness of pre-conscription training of young people in the system of LEVA increases if the social and educational potential is actively implemented. structural components career guidance (see Scheme K * 4), psychological and pedagogical methods of collecting and analyzing empirical data are widely used both about military professions and about people who will have to master them.

1. Improving military professional education. It involves the communication of young people with knowledge about military professions and military duties, on the basis of which (knowledge) a positive motivation for military service is formed, various types military activities, sustainable professional interests and commitments to conscientious military work and a conscious choice of the profession of a military man.