The early work of Maxim Gorky occupies a significant niche in Russian culture at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His first stories are something unique, which was not in Russian literature either before or after him. One of his early stories "Makar Chudra" allows us to fully see the inner world of Gorky at the dawn of his literary activity. Understand what worried him in his younger years, and what ideas owned his thoughts.
The idea for the story came from young Gorky after a long journey through the southern regions of the Russian Empire: the Volga region, the Crimea and the Caucasus. The history of writing the story "Makar Chudra" began in the steppe, striking the observer with its scope. Such are the romantic heroes of Gorky's early work: free people with big and wild hearts.
In Tiflis, he met with the revolutionary Alexander Kalyuzhny, who largely influenced Gorky's decision to publish stories about his travels (which Gorky himself admitted many years later). But it was the advice of a friend that forced the young writer to start his own.
Direction and genre
"Makar Chudra" refers to the direction. The writer draws before us an exotic southern region, which seems almost fabulous, inhabited by beautiful and sensual people, free from the noise and difficulties of everyday life, living truly free. Through the mouth of Makar Chudra, the writer mocks the ordinary, rejects it, dreaming of building a new ideal world in which there will be no place for suffering and sorrow.
The genre of "Makara Chudra" can be absolutely accurately defined as a story. The work is a short prose work, with a small number of characters and the absence of any specifics.
Bottom line: what is the story about?
On the seashore, the author meets an old gypsy named Makar Chudra, who tells him the story of two young people, Zobar and Radda. Two proud gypsy souls, who lived only for themselves all their lives, once fell in love with each other. However, each of them understood that, surrendering to their feelings, they would lose their freedom, and therefore each of them tried to gain the upper hand in these strange relationships.
In the end, the confrontation between love and the thirst for freedom leads to the fact that Zobar kills Radda out of desperation, and the girl's father, Danilo, kills Zobar himself.
Conflict and composition
The main feature of the composition of Makar Chudra is the presence of a story within a story. The story begins with the author's meeting with Makar, who tells the story of Zobar and Radda. Such a composition allows the writer to recreate the meditative atmosphere of the south of Russia, to saturate the story not only with the main story, but also with the philosophizing of the old man Chudra himself.
At the heart of the main conflict of the story lies the clash of two incredibly strong personalities, as well as their life priorities - freedom and love. Zobar and Radda have been accustomed to only taking all their lives, but for the first time in their lives, love demanded that they sacrifice the most precious thing they had - freedom. None of the heroes could either drown out their feelings or concede victory to another, which led them to such a sad end.
Main characters and their characteristics
The images of the heroes in the story "Makar Chudra" were described by the Wise Litrecon in the format of a table:
| heroes of the story "makar chudra" | characteristic |
| makar chudra | an old gypsy, already in his fifties. melancholic and indifferent to the outside world. contemptuously treats work and religion, believing that each person should live only for his own happiness. |
| loiko zobar | young, handsome and daring gypsy. a selfish person and a clever thief. earned himself a great many enemies from Hungary to Romania. a proud man who puts his desires above all else. he played the guitar beautifully and won women's hearts. he did not want compromises and always took everything he wanted from life. |
| radda | beautiful young gypsy. broke the hearts of many men. Above all, she values her independence, is indifferent to material goods and money. she is cruel and selfish, strong in spirit and has a passionate temperament. the uncontrollable thirst for freedom and power over a man leads her to death at the hands of her beloved. |
| narrator | a young traveler, a good listener and a man of a lively imagination and a sensitive heart. he is imbued with the history he has heard and does not judge a foreign people. he wants to understand them, not condemn them. |
Topics
The theme of the story "Makar Chudra" is typical for romantic works.
- Love- Gorky portrays love as something unimaginably strong and dangerous. A man in love loses control of himself. He enters into a struggle with his own feelings, and it remains for him to either submit to them or perish.
- freedom- freedom in the story is presented as the highest value. Heroes value their independence above material well-being and are ready to kill or die just to obey no one. The author does not condemn them for this, on the contrary, in this thirst for will there is something sublime and beautiful, characteristic only of strong people.
- Nature- throughout the story, the heroes are surrounded by endless southern expanses. The serenity and majesty of nature are designed to show all the insignificance of man, all the pettiness of his problems and throwing against the backdrop of the universe. The landscape and its role in the work "Makar Chudra" are important for understanding the author's intention.
- Morals and life of gypsies. Gorky describes the exotic conditions in which his drama unfolds. Before us is a nomadic tribe with its own customs and laws. Here a thief is a successful businessman, not a criminal, a woman is not a wife, but a mistress, murder is a duty of honor, not a crime. This world is opposed to civilization, and the author prefers it - cruel, but natural.
Problems
The problematics of the story "Makar Chudra" is just as entertaining:
- Pride– Radda and Zobar failed to find happiness by losing the battle of their own pride. Love for them was akin to a duel, and none of the heroes wanted to give in, which led them to such a sad ending.
- Cruelty- the story tells us about free and pure people, whose actions, however, can hardly be called humane. Ruthda is cruel, forcing Zobar to humiliate himself in front of the whole camp, Zobar is cruel, killing a beautiful girl, old Danilo is cruel, finishing off the defenseless Zobar with a blow in the back. According to Gorky, cruelty is an integral part of our life and the culture of individual ethnic groups.
- selfishness. Radda and Loiko loved themselves too much to allow love for another person. That's why it was so difficult for them to get together without hurting each other.
Meaning
The story rejects everything worldly, calling on a person to renounce the destructive benefits of human civilization. According to the writer, a person should strive for freedom, for independence. People must return to their roots. This is the main idea of the story "Makar Chudra".
And although Gorky is aware that even such a life that literally burns a person is not without its shortcomings, he still considers it preferable to slow decay, to which the townsfolk, mired in routine and everyday worries, are doomed. The main idea of the story "Makar Chudra" is the superiority of freedom over security and comfort. People should feel life and breathe it in fully.
What does it teach?
The story shows us what monstrous suffering can be caused to a person by excessive pride. He shows that even freedom has its price, and the burden of a free person can be unbearable. And yet even this burden is a sweet burden compared to the boring and monotonous life in the city, built on conventions. This is the conclusion from the story "Makar Chudra".
The story teaches us to be careful with our feelings, because living only with them, a person may one day simply not control himself. A choice must be made between love and freedom, but not in favor of death. Such is the moral that can be taken out of Makar Chudra.
Criticism
"Makar Chudra" was extremely warmly received by some critics and many readers. No one but Gorky succeeded in reworking the ideas of romanticism and transferring them into the twentieth century in such a way that the thoughts he expounded would resonate with the audience. A.P. Chekhov, A.V. Amphitheatrov and other reviewers:
“Maxim Gorky is a specialist in the heroic epic. The author of The Burevestnik, The Song of the Falcon, Izergil, and countless epics about former people of various names, he ... succeeded in awakening a sense of human dignity and a proud consciousness of dormant power in the most hopeless and lost class of Russian society. (A. V. Amfiteatrov, "Contemporaries. Articles", 1908)
But there were other opinions as well. For example, conservative publicist M.O. Menshikov noted the excessive mannerism of Gorky's prose and denounced his inability to show real life without pretentiousness and falsehood. In his opinion, the author simply made money on literature.
... our author falls into pretentiousness here and there, into a noisy, cold gesticulation of words. Such are his imitative things, clearly suggested by bad reading - “Makar Chudra”, “Old Woman Izergil” ... ... Gorky cannot stand the economy of feelings ... "
Yu. Ankhenvald was in solidarity with him, who condemned the artificiality of Gorky's creative method and
“Gorky’s fiction is more offensive than anyone else’s, his artificiality is worse than anywhere else ...<…>... By reasoning and writing, he distorted the legends - both "Old Woman Izergil" and "Makara Chudra"; he spoiled his exploits with literature. (Yu. Aikhenwald, "Silhouettes of Russian Writers", issue 3, 1910)
To this day, Gorky's early stories are of interest to readers and literary critics, representing something unique and inimitable in all Russian literature.
Features of the conflict in the story of M. Gorky "Makar Chudra"
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Elena Starodubtseva,
With. Donskoy,
Stavropol region
Features of the conflict in the story of M. Gorky "Makar Chudra"
The phenomenon of neo-romanticism in Russian literature of the late twentieth century gave rise to a new romantic hero. He largely inherited the features of the romantic heroes of the early 19th century: the strength and brightness of character, the desire for heroism and adventure, often opposed to a hostile society, a gray and dull life.
But in Gorky's early stories, romantic heroes such as Loiko Zobar, Sokol, Danko are endowed with a new feature - great moral strength capable of awakening sleepy souls.
The conflict in the story "Makar Chudra" also has new features. From the very first lines, the author introduces us to an unusual, bright, almost fairy-tale world: “A damp cold wind blew from the sea, spreading across the steppe the thoughtful melody of the splash of a wave running ashore and the rustle of coastal bushes. Occasionally his impulses brought with them shriveled, yellow leaves and threw them into the fire, fanning the flames; the darkness of the autumn night that surrounded us trembled and, timidly moving away, opened for a moment on the left - the boundless steppe, on the right - the endless sea ... ”And extraordinary people live in this world, free, strong, amazingly beautiful. The philosophy of these people is peculiar, succinctly and accurately expressed in aphorisms: “... go and look, have seen enough, lie down and die - that's all!”, “Are you not life yourself?”; “...everyone learns on his own”, “this is how one should live: go, go - and that's it”; “Don't stand in one place for a long time... you run away from thoughts about life, so as not to stop loving it...”. A natural philosopher, Makar Chudra derives his formula of life, according to which you just need to enjoy being, freedom. He is alien to painful thoughts about the meaning of human existence, theological questions, he does not accept any restrictions: neither bodily nor spiritual. Such are the other heroes of the story: Loiko Zobar, the beautiful Radda, old Danilo.
Interestingly, the conflict of the story is not built on the opposition of the hero and society (as, for example, in "The Robber Brothers" by A.S. Pushkin or "The Corsair" by D.G. Byron). And Chudra, and Loiko, and Radda harmoniously fit into their world, in their hearts there is no resentment, desire for revenge, dissatisfaction. There is also no internal conflict between the characters. They are self-sufficient, the passion for profit is alien to them, there is no vanity and envy. Loiko “loves horses and nothing else, and that is not for long - he rides and sells, and whoever wants the money, take it.” And Rudd's purse of money, thrown by the old tycoon at her feet, "as if by chance kicked her foot in the dirt, and that's it." The conflict arises on the basis of the relationship of two romantic heroes. Each of them values freedom the most. Loiko: “...I am a free person and I will live the way I want!” Radda: “...I also love freedom!” And the hearts of these strong and free people were struck by love for each other. Love is the first and as bright as they are. “I saw a lot of your sister, ege, a lot! None of them touched my heart like you did. Oh, Radda, you have captivated my soul!” Zobar says. And Radda replies: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you.”
What is the essence of the conflict? The fact that for the heroes to fall in love means to lose the will that is so valuable to them. Loiko and Radda found themselves in an impasse, the essence of which was very clearly expressed by the heroine: “Will, Loiko, I love more than you. And I can’t live without you, just as you can’t live without me.” Heroes cannot live without each other, but they cannot live without freedom either. Love and freedom turned out to be mutually exclusive concepts for them, since each of them seeks to subjugate the other: “But look, my will can not be crossed - I am a free person ...” - “So I want you to be mine and soul and body ...”. Thus, the conflict of relations, according to the laws of romanticism, can only be resolved by the death of one or both heroes. This is exactly what happens - Loiko kills Radda and dies at the hands of old Danila, Radda's father.
And here a new question arises: who is the initiator of such a decision? At first glance, Loiko: it is he who delivers the killing blow. But, it seems to me, Gorky creates another paradox here, which is hidden in the image of Radda. The beautiful gypsy seems to be a deeper and more complex nature than the daring Loiko Zobar. Radda is endowed with an unusually strong character. And she could love only that man whom she would not be able to “make”, that is, subjugate. But to fall in love for her is, let us recall, to submit to herself, which is unacceptable for Radda. And so she gives Loiko an obviously impossible task: “... tomorrow you will submit to me as a senior comrade young man. Bow at my feet in front of the whole camp and kiss my right hand - and then I will be your wife. Did Radda know how this could end? Undoubtedly: “Farewell, Loiko! I knew you would do that!..”
Well, what would have happened if Loiko had completed a task that was shameful for him? This would mean that Radda suppressed his will, “made him crazy”. We know how the proud gypsy treated such men. It turns out that Radda does not so much want to subdue him as she tests her lover for strength. Fulfill the condition - Radda will stop loving him and regain the desired freedom. If he fails, the girl will die. Like fairy-tale heroines, Radda gives her lover a task. But it is not he who risks his life, but she. The Gorky heroine thus plays with fate. Winning is freedom. The bet is life. Radda, as a stronger nature, takes the initiative into her own hands. Subtly feeling the character of Loiko Zobar, she pushes him to the only solution possible for both of them: seeing no other way out, the gypsy sacrifices herself. The death of Loiko is not on her conscience.
The paradoxical nature of the heroine is that she cannot love a weak man, but, having fallen in love with a strong one, she cannot obey him and prefers to die.
It seems to me that the true heroine of Makar Chudra is precisely Radda. Gorky showed her with a more noble nature, for sacrificing oneself is the lot of beautiful and strong people.
The writing
1. Romantic stories by M. Gorky.
2. Composition of the story, plot, characters, conflict.
3. Resolution of the conflict. Author's position.
You go, well, go your own way, without turning to the side. Go straight ahead. Maybe you won't die in vain. That's it, falcon!
M. Gorky
The early stories of M. Gorky are called works of romanticism of the “new stage”. In the same row are his revolutionary-romantic "Makar Chudra", "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon", "Song of the Petrel". Their bright heroes are endowed with the main feature - a passion for freedom. This determines their actions. Based on the traditions of Russian classical literature, the writer puts a special pathos into his works: romance calls for action, struggle, and deeds. They were relevant as propaganda on the eve of the revolution and remain relevant now, because they contain wisdom.
The years of the author's wanderings in Russia gave him a great life experience. He wrote down his impressions in a travel notebook, and many plots later entered his works. "Makar Chudra" was the first published story by M. Gorky. It was he who, published in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus", was first signed with this pseudonym. The story immediately drew attention to itself with vivid images and topical issues. Gorky told a legend he had heard during the journey about people who value independence and freedom more than anything in the world.
The story is constructed in an unusual way - the author uses a frame composition, this is the so-called "story within a story". The story begins with a dialogue between the old gypsy Makara Chudra and the narrator. The character of the narrator is special here. This is a dialogue where we do not hear the words of the narrator, and we do not see him himself, there are only replies from Makara Chudra.
Gorky's heroes are the embodiment of pride and audacity, solid characters, independent of their passions, beautiful and self-confident people. Old Makar says that for him the truth of life is in freedom. He was not born to be a slave, for him the will and expanse of the steppe are understandable, "the voice of the sea wave gladdens his heart." Makar believes that you need to live without stopping in one place and not thinking about life, so as not to stop loving it. No need to ask yourself why you live, otherwise longing will overcome. He does not understand the Russian, who advises him to live according to God's word and says that then God will give everything: why doesn't he himself ask him for new clothes to replace the torn ones? The gypsy tells the story, which "as you remember, you will be a free bird for your life." Freedom for him is the greatest value in the world.
This romantic legend helps us understand the hero's inner world and what he values. The daring little Loiko Zobar loved only horses, and then not for long - he had nothing cherished and he was not afraid of anything. This is how Makar Chudra characterizes him: “Damn me if I didn’t love him already, like myself, before he said a word to me or simply noticed that I also live in this world! Here, falcon, what kind of people there are! He will look into your eyes and fill your soul, and you are not at all ashamed of it, but also proud of you. With such a person, you yourself become better. Few, friend, such people! .. And wise, like an old man, and knowledgeable in everything, and understood Russian and Magyar letters. It used to go to talk - a century would not sleep, listened to him! And he plays - thunder kill me, if someone else in the world played like that! He would draw a bow along the strings - and your heart would tremble, hold it again - and it would freeze, listening, and he would play and smile. And I wanted to cry and laugh at the same time, listening to him.
Beauty Rudd would not sell her freedom and pride for any money. When Zobar tells her of his love, she knocks him down with a belt whip. And then comes to him to reconcile. Here is what Radda Loiko says: “I have never loved anyone, Loiko, but I love you. Also, I love freedom! Will, Loiko, I love more than you. And I can't live without you, just as you can't live without me. So I want you to be mine, body and soul." Radda demands from the gypsy in love that he submit to her as the elder, in full view of the whole camp. Gypsies are such a proud people that kneeling for them is like death. However, the hard-hearted Radda demands this from Loiko, promising him her love. Why is Rudd's "devil girl" behaving like this? Why is it difficult for Loiko to make his declaration of love? Heroes are freedom-loving and do not want to be subordinated to anything, even love passion. They do not recognize dependence even on a loved one, and therefore they talk about love and immediately fight for independence, for supremacy.
How do the gypsies feel about what is happening? They “even wanted to go somewhere, just not to see Loiko Zobar fall at the feet of a girl - even if this girl and Radda. I was ashamed of something, and sorry, and sad. How is the conflict resolved? What do the heroes choose? The end of the story is tragic. Loiko refuses to bow at her feet and plunges a knife into Radd, and then kneels before the dead girl. Before his death, Radda says that she knew that Loiko would do so, appreciating the fact that he did not give up his ideal for the sake of love, did not humiliate himself. Radda's father, Danilo, plunges the same knife into Loiko's back.
The landscape in the story conveys the feelings of the characters - "the sea sang a gloomy and solemn hymn to the proud pair of handsome gypsies." A seascape with a strong cold wind, the silent darkness of the steppe, autumn rain, a fire flame - these sketches look like the frame of a legend. The author says that a person will only become a fighter if he has achieved inner freedom. Gorky gives Loiko the features and inclinations of a folk hero, ready to sacrifice himself for the sake of another person or for the sake of an idea.
The story of Zobar and Radda shows that they value freedom more than life and love. Everyone puts their own impossible conditions for a loved one. According to Makar Chudra, pride and love are incompatible, and more than anything in the world, a gypsy must protect their independence, even if it can only be preserved at the cost of their own lives. The narrator leads us to the idea that pride dooms a person to loneliness. And so the heroes become hostages of their freedom.
The story "Makar Chudra" was written in 1892 and belongs to the early period of Gorky's work. Here his romantic ideals were especially clearly manifested. The story is told from the point of view of the narrator. Framing - a description of the sea and a conversation with an old gypsy. Inside the text is a legend about the love of two gypsies, which Makar Chudra recalls. Thus, we have a story within a story. Below you will find an analysis of the story "Makar Chudra" by Gorky.
Features of romanticism in the story "Makar Chudra"
The main feature of romanticism as a literary movement is duality: the division of the world into real and ideal. The story depicts an ideal world of freedom, beauty, songs and music, beautiful freedom-loving people. Already in the exposition, Makar Chudra contrasts the eternal vegetation of the townsfolk, their shameful slavery with freedom and understanding of the world. People, according to the hero, are not born in order to "dig the earth." He thinks about man: “Does he know his will? Is the expanse of the steppe understandable? Does the sound of the sea wave gladden his heart? This is the meaning and purpose of life: in the understanding of the world, the knowledge of its secrets. What else becomes clear when we analyze the story "Makar Chudra"?
In the center of attention in romanticism is an exceptional hero, free, beautiful, standing above the surrounding everyday life. Such characters in the story are Loiko Zobar and Radda. Most of all they value the ideal of freedom. Heroes are guided by feelings, passion, not reason.
The landscape in romanticism is not just a background of action, it carries a special semantic load. The love of romantics for sea and mountain views is well known. It is in the boundless expanses of the sea and mountains that the free and passionate soul of an exceptional hero can find a response. The main technique in depicting nature is personification: “the sea sang a gloomy and solemn hymn”, “the darkness of the autumn night trembled” and timidly moved away. Makar Chudra, a philosopher, a wise old gypsy, is in complete unity with the outside world, the quiet lapping of the waves, the beauty of the sea.
In the finale, the narrator seems to be immersed in an ideal world: the melody of the sea draws him to where the proud Loiko Zobar and the beautiful Radda whirl in an eternal dance.
Analysis of the story "Makar Chudra" - conflict
In a short story, Gorky touches on several serious topics. These are questions about freedom and slavery, the meaning of human life, the beauty of nature and the world as a whole, about love and pride.
The conflict is based on the antithesis of freedom - slavery. For Makar Chudra, freedom is an opportunity to enjoy life, the absence of any restrictions. Loiko and Radda value, first of all, personal freedom, independence from other people, not only external, but also internal. They put will above everything, even above love. This is the main conflict. To fall in love for the heroes means to submit to another person, but they cannot do this, it is contrary to their nature. Therefore, a vicious circle situation arises. It is no coincidence that Radda says: “Will, Loiko, I love more than you. And I can’t live without you, just as you can’t live without me.” Even a brief analysis of the story "Makar Chudra" allows us to clearly understand this idea.
A beautiful gypsy woman can only love a strong man, whom she cannot make submissive to herself, but, having fallen in love, she will not obey herself. She gives the task to her lover in order to test him, and knows in advance that Loiko will not fulfill the condition to bow to her in front of the whole camp. Therefore, when the gypsy plunges a knife into her chest, Radda, smiling, says that she knew what he would do. She smiles because the hero passed the test of strength of character and love of freedom, he turned out to be worthy of Radda's love. But the paradox lies in the fact that love and pride were incompatible, so the heroes die.
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A romantic night by the sea, a fire is burning, the old gypsy Makar Chudra tells the writer a story about free gypsies. Makar advises to beware of love, because having fallen in love, a person loses his will. This is confirmed by the story told by Chudra.
There was in the world Loiko Zobar, a young gypsy. Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovenia knew him. The horse thief was clever, many wanted to kill him. He loved only horses, he did not value money, he could give it to anyone who needed it.
In Bukovina there was a gypsy camp. Danila the soldier had a daughter, Radda, a beauty beyond words. Rudda broke many hearts. One magnate threw any money at her feet, asked to marry him, but Radda replied that the eagle had no place in a crow's nest.
Once Zobar came to the camp. He was handsome: “The mustache fell on his shoulders and mixed with curls, his eyes, like clear stars, burn, and his smile is the whole sun. It was as if he was forged from one piece of iron with a horse. He played the violin, and many cried. Radda praised Zobar's violin, he plays well. And he replied that his violin was made from the chest of a young girl, and the strings from her heart were retinue. Radda turned away, saying that people are lying when they talk about Zobar's mind. He marveled at the girl's sharp tongue.
Zobar visited Danila, went to bed, and the next morning he came out with a rag tied around his head, said that his horse had hurt him. But everyone understood that it was Radda, they thought that isn’t Loiko Radda worth it? "Well, I do not! No matter how good the girl is, but her soul is narrow and shallow, and even if you hang a pound of gold around her neck, it’s all the same, it’s better than what she is, not to be her!
The camp lived well at that time. And Loiko is with them. He was wise as an old man, and he played the violin so that his heart skipped a beat. If Loiko had wanted to, then people would have given their lives for him, they loved him so much, only Radda did not love him. And he loved her deeply. The people around looked only, they knew, "if two stones roll at each other, it is impossible to stand between them - they will mutilate."
Once Zobar sang a song, everyone liked it, only Radda laughed. Danilo wanted to teach her a lesson with a whip. But Loiko did not allow, he asked to give her to him as a wife. Danilo agreed: “Yes, take it if you can!” Loiko approached Radda and said that she had captured his heart, that he was taking her as his wife, but she should not contradict his will. "I am a free man and will live the way I want." Everyone thought that Radda had resigned herself. She wrapped her whip around Loiko's legs, pulled, and Zobar fell down as if he had been knocked down. And she moved away and lay down on the grass, smiling.
Zobar fled to the steppe, and Makar followed him, as if the guy above himself hadn’t done something in a rush. But Loiko only sat motionless for three hours, and then Radda came to him. Loiko wanted to stab her with a knife, but she put a gun to his forehead and said that she had come to put up, she loved him. And Radda also said that she loves the will more than Zobara. She promised Loiko hot caresses if he agreed in front of the whole camp to bow at her feet and kiss her right hand, like the elder's. Zobar shouted at the whole steppe, but agreed to Radda's conditions.
Loiko returned to the camp and told the old people that he looked into his heart and did not see the former free life there. "One Radda lives there." And he decided to fulfill her will, to bow at her feet, to kiss her right hand. And he also said that he would check whether Radda has such a strong heart, as she boasts.
Everyone didn’t have time to guess, but he stuck a knife in her heart to the very handle. Radda pulled out the knife, plugged the wound with her hair and said that she had expected such a death. Danilo picked up the knife thrown aside by Radda, examined it and stuck it in Loiko's back, right against the heart. Radda is lying, clutching the wound with her hand, and the dying Loiko is lying at her feet.
The writer did not sleep. He looked at the sea, and it seemed that he saw the royal Raddha, and Loiko Zobar was swimming behind her. “They both circled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda.”
